| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Allard, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Demands on monitoring
- 2023
-
In: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - London : Routledge. - 9781032015934 ; , s. 34-58
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter provides a short overview of the types of processes for reporting as well as legislation that governs why and how monitoring is undertaken and some of the ways in which stakeholders are involved at different levels. Because monitoring for the policy side is, by default, mandated monitoring, this type becomes the focus of this chapter, while noting that many policies and legislation may have been prompted by the results of question-driven monitoring, pointing out areas of concern. In fact, the iterative process of monitoring, analysis, and reporting to a government that, in turn, changes the policies to better fit concerns or issues needing addressing can be seen as a co-development.Whereas the previous chapter illustrated what monitoring is, this chapter illustrates some of the demands on monitoring in legislation and policy, where they outline what monitoring is asked to contribute. The chapter reviews legislation on the global scene, on the community level of the European Union, and at national levels in the areas of water bodies and semi-aquatic, agricultural, urban, and forested semi-natural or natural landscapes.
|
|
| 3. |
- Allard, Anna
(author)
-
Managing hybrid methods for integration and combination of data
- 2023
-
In: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - London : Routledge. - 9781032015934 ; , s. 174-201
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter looks at how monitoring can combine data from multiple sources, including basic observations coupled with auxiliary information and the use of reference data for classification and modelling. A vital component of monitoring research is to be able to combine and synthesize data in a systematic, transparent way that can integrate social and environmental factors and show how these reflect, overlap with, correlate to, and influence each other. Data types and relevant analytical methods are briefly discussed, as well as aspects of classification and semantics, showing best practice in analysis and some suitable methods for describing data properties such as data quality. Typical problems of incompleteness, lack of fit to semantic classes, thematic and geometric inaccuracy, and data redundancy are discussed, with a range of examples showing how these challenges can be met by identifying and filling gaps in datasets.
|
|
| 4. |
- Allard, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Monitoring as a field
- 2023
-
In: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - London : Routledge. - 9781032015934 ; , s. 9-33
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter sets the scene in terms of describing what we mean by monitoring. Capturing everything we know about monitoring would take a whole set of books; instead, we provide an introduction to how monitoring can be used to make informed decisions on management from global to multi- and single-country scales through to single sites. The knowledge or data required to improve management may be very similar regardless of the geographical scale. The difference lies in the scale of measures that have to be taken to provide information, which can help to recognize and rectify damage. The chapter outlines types of monitoring and what they typically are used for, including types of data and their different qualities. A summary of data collection and the difficulties of flexibility in monitoring schemes is discussed together with cross-references to chapters that delve deeper into these issues. Two specific examples of monitoring are given, the UK Countryside Survey and the high-technology surveys of dune formations carried out by permanent in situ laser scanners on Belgian shorelines.
|
|
| 5. |
- Allard, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
New and changing use of technologies in monitoring: drones, artificial intelligence, and environmental DNA
- 2023
-
In: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - London : Routledge. - 9781032015934 ; , s. 148-173
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter shows the emerging uses in monitoring, using new as well as older technology in new or developed ways, finding new ways to collect data at different scales, from space down to genetic material. As has been stressed in other chapters, the planet and its biodiversity are closely linked to humans making decisions on land use, through history, and the research into older landscapes gives insights into the landscape of today. In many ways, the possibilities of data science, including the computer capacity to handle very large datasets, have changed the way environmental data can be modelled and understood. With the new possibilities, new challenges also become evident, such as the enormous amounts of training data needed for modelling using deep learning techniques or to take on the challenge of creating virtual twins of European ecosystems for future policymaking.
|
|
| 6. |
- Keskitalo, Carina, et al.
(author)
-
Interviews with landowners/managers – what can they provide?
- 2023
-
In: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - 9781032015934 ; , s. 261-274
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Interviews have the potential to provide both a good knowledge base for the design of a quantitative study and a more in-depth understanding of socioecological relations, interactions, and behaviours in land use for monitoring purposes. Interviews of different kinds can be used to highlight what conditions, policies for financial subsidies, trends, or other influences impact land use, which in turn can show what issues are the most important for policymakers or monitoring to focus on. This chapter provides an overview of the different steps of designing and carrying out an interview study, including relevant research questions; the focus of different types of interviews; what to ask, to whom, and why; and how to code and analyze the material. The chapter describes common principles for qualitative research interviews with an emphasis on personal interviews, briefly showing how these are related to methods such as observations and focus group interviews.
|
|
| 7. |
- Keskitalo, Carina, et al.
(author)
-
Reflections on monitoring: conclusions and ways forward
- 2023
-
In: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - London : Routledge. - 9781032015934 - 9781032015941 - 9781003179245 ; , s. 349-357
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter concludes by discussing the book's aim of highlighting the possibilities of working across disciplines, including across ecological, technical, and social fields. Careful design of monitoring should include both understanding how cases differ from each other, where bias and errors may be introduced, and how monitoring may need to increasingly relate to the social context – the major influence on nature in the Anthropocene. How can interdisciplinary approaches, linking monitoring, social studies, and research, be undertaken? This final chapter discusses the different design features and considerations relevant to interdisciplinary monitoring and reflects on what this book has been able to cover in relation to a broader monitoring and social field.
|
|
| 8. |
- Keskitalo, Carina, et al.
(author)
-
Understanding the social context of monitoring
- 2023
-
In: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - 9781032015934 ; , s. 218-228
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The previous chapters discussed the complexity involved in developing and combining methods for monitoring; this chapter considers how to understand different aspects in a broader social perspective. The chapter discusses scale, level; and sectoral context in relation to decision processes, based on, for instance, legislative and policy drivers of land use and land ownership and other stakeholders. A crucial focus in the chapter is placed on the notion that the social context of monitoring often cannot be understood by only looking at the local level. Drawing on cases from different land systems, the chapter illustrates how higher levels play a role. Examples in text boxes are, for instance, drawn from the Swedish case, in which less than 20 high-level actors determine much of the national forest land use. To make sense of this context, the chapter goes on to introduce the variety of social sciences quantitative and qualitative approaches that can be used to gain an understanding of land use on different levels, including methods illustrated in later chapters.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
