| 1. |
- Baumert, Nicolai, et al.
(author)
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Technology-adjusted carbon accounting
- 2022
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In: Handbook on Trade Policy and Climate Change. - 9781839103230 ; , s. 256-271
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present technology-adjusted consumption-based accounting (TCBA) – a measure of shared responsibility for global greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike in conventional consumption-based accounting (CBA), countries are assigned the emission responsibility for the technology they use to produce their exports. This ensures that national emission responsibilities are not driven by differences in export production technology. If the technology for exports is less (more) carbon-intensive than world average for the relevant product group, the exporters are credited (penalized) for providing the world with these goods. By comparing the evidence on TCBA trends to conventional findings on CBA and production-based accounting (PBA) for the period 2000–2014, the map of emission responsibility is redrawn – albeit not in a way that systematically favors developed or developing countries. Lastly, we discuss how TCBA has been received in academia and among policy makers since its conceptualization.
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| 2. |
- Åhman, Max, et al.
(author)
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International cooperation for decarbonizing energy intensive industries: the case for a Green Materials Club
- 2022
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In: HANDBOOK ON TRADE POLICY AND CLIMATE CHANGE. - 9781839103230 ; , s. 108-125
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Basic materials are traded globally and responsible for roughly 22 % of global carbon emissions. It is technically possible for the energy intensive industries (EIIs) that produce these materials to reach zero emission, but at a cost. So far, the fear of carbon leakage has been a barrier for implementing ambitious domestic climate policies that targets theses globally traded commodities. The introduction of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) for levelling the global playing field has been suggested to ameliorate these concerns. However, another way is to focus more on innovation, adopting green industrial policies and to cooperate internationally for developing technologies for net zero EIIs. In this chapter we explore the opportunities for enhanced cooperation for enabling deep decarbonisation for EIIs and how that links to BCAs. We argue for establishing a green materials club focussing on long-term technology development and discusses limitation and opportunities for this approach. A green materials club could ease the conflicts between trade and ambitious climate policy and complement BCAs.
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