| 1. |
- Algehed, Jessica, 1971, et al.
(author)
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Modelling energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions in energy-intensive industry under stringent CO2 policies: Comparison of top-down and bottom-up approaches and evaluation of usefulness to policy makers
- 2009
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In: Proceedings of eceee 2009 summer study. - 9789163344541 ; , s. 1181-1191
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The question of how different climate policies will influence carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the energy-intensive industry is complex. It is not obvious that increased costs for emitting CO2 will lead to investments in new, low-emission technologies, since the energy-intensive industry is very capital intensive, and reduced CO2 emissions beyond a certain point require large investments and possibly also radical process changes. Traditionally, either top-down or bottom-up models have been used to analyze the influence of specific policies on energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in industry. Bottom-up models describe technologies in detail, but are not realistic in their characterization of corporate decision-making, e.g., how businesses select technologies and make investments, and fail to depict macro-economic equilibrium feedbacks. Top-down models, in contrast, address these deficiencies by representing macro-economic feedbacks and by estimating parameters of technological change from observations of aggregate market responsiveness to cost changes. However, since top-down models lack technological detail, they are weak in assessing the use of new, low-emission technology. Because of these methodological differences, top-down and bottom-up models often make divergent cost predictions, and consequently suggest different policies, for meeting climate targets. This methodological divide has stimulated exploration of hybrid approaches that integrate the technological explicitness of bottom-up models with the micro-economic realism and macro-economic feedbacks of top-down models. To better understand the dynamics and policy responses of industry, such methods and models need to be further developed and applied. In this paper we analyse and compare top-down, bottom-up, and integrated (hybrid) approaches that have been used for evaluating potentials for CO2 emissions reductions and CO2 policy analysis in energy-intensive industry. We also evaluate the usefulness of these approaches and models to policy and decision makers.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Lindgren, Kate, et al.
(author)
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Transforming the “efficiency gap” into a viable business opportunity: lessons learned from the ESCO experience in Sweden
- 2009
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In: ECEEE Summer Study proceedings. - 1653-7025. - 9789163344541 ; 1
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Energy service companies (ESCOs) are often portrayed as important change agents in capturing energy efficiency opportunities to curb global energy demand and mitigate climate change. Yet, the literature in this area is limited. While many studies analyze economic and environmental impacts from energy efficiency programs, far less attention has been devoted to evaluating managerial and other challenges for ESCOs in transforming the "efficiency gap" into a viable business. Against the broader question of how to address Demand Side Management (DSM) in a deregulated market, we explore how and the extent to which the Swedish ESCO market’s development has addressed the efficiency gap. Sweden presents an interesting case study given its early experience in energy market reform as well as the rapid growth in recent years of its ESCO market. The insights garnered are especially important as Member States prepare to implement the Directive on Energy End-use Efficiency and Energy Services. By conducting in-depth interviews with ESCOs operating in Sweden (including multi-nationals), we address the following: 1) current market opportunity analysis, including how Swedish market conditions shape firms’ business strategies, 2) service functions and business characteristics, with attention to perceptions regarding which market segments are considered compelling, and 3) how policy might expand the size and attractiveness of additional sectors/market segments. This analysis is informed by follow-up discussions with policymakers and other relevant players. The paper concludes with insights regarding how public intervention and support as well as voluntary private sector action may stimulate ESCO business investment in energy efficiency.
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| 4. |
- Palm, Jenny, 1973-
(author)
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Public interest in the private sphere: how far into the home can local policy making reach?
- 2009
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In: eceee 2009 Summer Study. Act! Innovate! Deliver!Reducing energy demand sustainably. Conference proceedings.. - Stockholm : eceee secretariat. - 9789163344541 ; , s. 287-297
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Environmental problems in the energy system largely originate from everyday activities and choices. The home is a 'node' of daily life and is often seen as our private sphere. However, the privacy of the home can be contested in relation to local policies in general and energy and environmental policies in particular. This paper discusses the private/public divide in energy policies and how this divide appears to Swedish municipal energy consultants. By analyzing the actions of several energy consultants and their efforts to influence households as well as how households perceive this guidance, we can gauge how far policy instruments have penetrated the private sphere. Municipal energy consultants are careful in providing advice to the households: they preserve a rather large 'no-trespassing' area to avoid interfering in peoples' private sphere. Households can accept information, even individually tailored information, but will not accept requests to do certain things. Authorities can inform but not tell people how to act: the decision is still the householders'. Looking at exactly how both households and consultants reason about energy efficiency and the public/private divide, we can discern tendencies for what were earlier considered private concerns to be increasingly perceived as common or public concerns. Energy consultants are trying to find ways to influence family lifestyle while householders are requesting individual inspections and want the consultants to keep individual records of family energy use, not regarding this information as too private. Swedish regulations, however, are hampering this development and delaying the urgent need for changes in both technologies used and energy-related behaviours.
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| 5. |
- Tengvard, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Adopting small-scale production of electricity
- 2009
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In: eceee 2009 Summer Study. Act! Innovate! Deliver!Reducing energy demand sustainably. Conference proceedings.. - Stockholm : eceee secretariat. - 9789163344541 ; , s. 1705-1713
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In Sweden in 2008, a 'new' concept for small-scale electricity production attracted massive media attention. This was mainly due to the efforts of Swedish company Egen El, which is marketing small-scale photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines to households, both homeowners and tenants. Their main selling point is simplicity: their products are so easy to install that everyone can do it. Autumn 2008 also saw IKEA announce that within three years it would market solar panels. How, then, do households perceive these products? Why would households choose to buy them? How do households think about producing their own electricity? Analysis of material based on in-depth interviews with members of 20 households reveals that environmental concerns supply the main motive for adopting PVs or micro wind power generation. In some cases, the adopting households have an extensively ecological lifestyle and such adoption represents a way to take action in the energy area. For some, this investment is symbolic: a way of displaying environmental consciousness or setting an example to others. For still others, the adoption is a protest against 'the system' with its large dominant actors or is a way to become self-sufficient. These microgeneration installations are rejected mainly on economic grounds; other motives are respect for neighbours and difficulties finding a place to install a wind turbine.
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| 6. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Exploring energy management in the Swedish pulp and paper industry : Volume 3
- 2009
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In: Act! Innovate! Deliver! Reducing energy demand sustainably. - : eceee. - 9789163344541 ; , s. 1051-1058
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Swedish pulp- and paper industry is a considerable user of energy, accounting for about 50 percent of the Swedish industrial energy use and 2 percent of the EU-25 industrial energy use. Its high energy use makes this industry particularly important in terms of energy efficiency. Previous research has emphasised the need for companies’ to have well functioning energy management practices in order to increase energy efficiency. This paper describes and analyses energy management practices in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was sent out to the person in charge of the energy issue at all Swedish mills and 40 replies were received, a response frequency of 68 percent. The results show that the energy issue has been given increasingly higher priority over the past 10 years. However, in spite of this, overall results from the questionnaire show that there is still potential for improving energy management in the studied industry. More than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy, and less than half of the studied mills have an energy strategy covering at least five years. These results indicate that the implementation of a long-term energy strategy in this energy intensive industry, in combination with other means, could be of utmost importance for increasing energy efficiency. In conclusion, based on the research results presented in this paper, a different energy policy design for the industry seems to be needed, which could be very fruitful if it focuses on establishing more efficient energy management practices and includes all energy carriers. Moreove, the fact that more than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy and the fact that the Swedish EMS standard does not require such a strategy to be formulated indicates the need for further studies regarding a plausible inclusion of a long-term energy strategy in the EMS standard.
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