| 1. |
- Backteman-Erlanson, Susann, 1958-
(author)
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Burnout, work, stress of conscience and coping among female and male patrolling police officers
- 2013
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background. Police work is a stressful occupation with frequent exposure to traumatic events and psychological strain from work might increase the risk of burnout. This thesis focuses on patrolling police officers (PPO), who work most of their time in the community and have daily contact with the public. Since police work traditionally is a male coded occupation we assume that there are differences between women and men in burnout as well as experiences from psychosocial work environment.Aim. The overall aim of this thesis is to explore burnout, psychosocial and physical work environment, coping strategies, and stress of conscience when taking gender into consideration among patrolling police officers.Methods. This thesis employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. In Paper I a qualitative approach with narrative interviews was used where male PPO described experiences of traumatic situations when caring for victims of traffic accidents. A convenience sample of nine male PPO from a mid-sized police authority was recruited. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Papers II, III, and IV were based on a cross-sectional survey from a randomly selected sample stratified for gender from all 21 local police authorities in Sweden. In the final sample, 1554 PPOs were invited (778 women, 776 men), response rate was 55% (n=856) in total, 56% for women (n=437) and 53% for men (n=419). The survey included a self-administered questionnaire based on instruments measuring burnout, stress of conscience, psychosocial and physical work environment, and coping.Results. Findings from Paper I were presented in three themes; “being secure with the support system,” “being confident about prior successful actions,” and “being burdened with uncertainty.” Results from Paper II showed high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), 30% for female PPOs and 26% for male PPOs. High levels of depersonalization (DP) were reported for 52 % of female PPO, corresponding proportions for male were 60%. Multiple logistic regression showed that stress of conscience (SCQ-A), high demand, and organizational climate increased the risk of EE for female PPO. For male PPO stress of conscience (SCQ-A), low control and high demand increased the risk of EE. Independent of gender, stress of conscience (SCQ-A) increased the risk of DP. Psychometric properties of the WOCQ were investigated with exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, a six-factor solution was confirmed. DIF analysis was detected for a third of the items in relation to gender. In Paper IV a block wise hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed investigating the predictive impact of psychological demand, decision latitude, social support, coping strategies, and stress of conscience on EE as well as DP. Findings revealed that, regardless of gender, risk of EE and DP increased with a troubled conscience amongst the PPO.Conclusion. “Being burdened with uncertainty” in this male-dominated context indicate that the PPO did not feel confident talking about traumatic situations, which might influence their coping strategies when arriving to a similar situation. This finding can be related to Paper II and IV showing that stress of conscience increased the risk of both EE and DP. The associations between troubled conscience and the risk of experiencing both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization indicate that stress of conscience should be considered when studying the influence of the psychosocial work environment on burnout. Results from this study show that the psychosocial work environment is not satisfying and needs improvement for patrolling police officers in Sweden. Further studies including both qualitative and quantitative (longitudinal) methods should be used to improve knowledge in this area to increase conditions for preventive and rehabilitative actions.
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| 2. |
- Backteman-Erlanson, Susann, et al.
(author)
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Caring for traffic accident victims : the stories of nine male police officers
- 2011
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In: International Emergency Nursing. - : Elsevier. - 1755-599X .- 1878-013X. ; 19:2, s. 90-95
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psychological strain due to the work environment is common, especially in those occupations which involve working in critical situations. Working as a police officer seems to increase the risk of psychological problems such as symptoms of stress and post traumatic stress disorders. The aim of this study was to describe male police officers’ experiences of traumatic situations when caring for victims of traffic accidents, and to reflect the results through the perspective of gender theories. Nine police officers were asked to narrate and reflect upon their experiences in taking care of people who had been severely injured in traffic accidents. The interviews were analysed with qualitative content analysis. The findings are presented in three themes: “being secure with the support system”, “being confident about prior successful actions, and “being burdened with uncertainty”. The officers’ descriptions showed that most of them had strategies that they used when they were first responders, developed on the basis of their own knowledge and actions and the support systems in their organization which enabled them to act in traumatic situations. When support systems, knowledge, and actions were insufficient, they sometimes felt insecure and “burdened with uncertainty”. In this male-dominated context, there was a risk that the officers may not talk enough about traumatic situations, thus influencing their ability to cope successfully.
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| 3. |
- Backteman-Erlanson, Susann, 1958-, et al.
(author)
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Exploration of the WOCQ tool in relation to gender and psychometric properties among Swedish patrolling police officers
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Police work is a stressful occupation with frequent exposure to traumatic events. In Sweden knowledge about coping strategies among police personnel is absent probably due to lack of validated measurements. Aim of this study was to explore psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOCQ) among Swedish police personnel, including testing differential item functioning (DIF) for gender. The WOCQ was sent out to 1554 randomly selected patrolling police officers in Sweden. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used. A six factor solution was confirmed with differences and similarities compared to the original eight factor solution. DIF analysis showed similarities and differences in relation to gender. We suggest that the WOCQ can be used when investigating coping strategies in a Swedish police context.
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| 4. |
- Egberg Thyme, Karin, 1943-, et al.
(author)
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Art therapy and self-image : A 5-year follow-up art therapy RCT study of women diagnosed with breast cancer
- 2022
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In: Palliative & Supportive Care. - : Cambridges Institutes Press. - 1478-9515 .- 1478-9523. ; 20:4, s. 482-490
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mål: Denna uppföljningsstudie om upplevd självbild och psykofysisk nöd/psykiska symptom baserades på en ranomiserad kontrollerad studie av konstterapi på kvinnor med bröstcancer.Metod: Syftet var att undersöka de långsiktiga effekterna av tidsbegränsad konstterapi med hjälp av instrumenten Strukturanalys av socialt beteende (SASB) och Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90).Resultat: Tre anslutningskluster i SASB visade signifikanta förändringar efter terapin: Autonomt jag (kluster 1), Accepterande själv (kluster 2) och Älskande själv (kluster 3). Klusterna 2 och 3 fortsatte att förändras till förmån för interventionsgruppen vid den 5-åriga uppföljningen. Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader i SCL-90-resultaten mellan interventionsgruppen och kontrollgruppen i uppföljningsstudien.Betydelse av resultat: Konstterapiinterventionen var både terapeutisk och psyko-pedagogisk. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att närmar sig känslor genom tidsbegränsad konstterapi verkar ha en långvarig effekt på det vidhäftande beteende som visas i SASB-modellen efter intervention, och denna effekt förblev 5 år senare.
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| 5. |
- Egberg Thyme, Karin, 1943-, et al.
(author)
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Individual brief art therapy can be helpful for women with breast cancer : A randomized controlled clinical study
- 2009
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In: Palliative & Supportive Care. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1478-9515 .- 1478-9523. ; 7:1, s. 87-95
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Recent research shows that almost every second woman with breast cancer is depressed or has anxiety; the risk for younger women is even higher. Moreover, research shows that women are at risk for developing depression, also a threat for women with breast cancer. The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to study the outcome of five sessions of art therapy given at a 5-week period of postoperative radiotherapy.Methods: The participants were between 37 and 69 years old; six participants in each group were below 50 years of age. Half of the participants (n = 20) received art therapy and the other half (n = 21) were assigned to a control group. At the first measurement, at least 17% (n = 7) of the participants medicated with antidepressants. Data were collected before and after art therapy and at a 4-month follow-up using self-rating scales that measure self-image (the Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour) and psychiatric symptoms (the Symptom Check List–90).Results: At follow-up, significant lower ratings of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms and less general symptoms were reported for the art therapy group compared to the control group. The regression analysis showed that art therapy relates to lower ratings of depression, anxiety, and general symptoms; chemotherapeutic treatment predicts lower depressive symptoms; in contrast to axilliary surgery and hormonal treatment as well as being a parent predicts higher ratings of anxiety and general symptoms.Significance of results: The conclusion suggests that art therapy has a long-term effect on the crisis following the breast cancer and its consequences.
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| 6. |
- Emilsson, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Experiences from having breast cancer and being part of a support group : Notes written in diaries by women during radiotherapy
- 2012
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In: Palliative & Supportive Care. - 1478-9515 .- 1478-9523. ; 10:2, s. 99-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of breast cancer patients participating in a support group.Method:This study explores 28 stories of women with breast cancer as expressed through written diaries. Diaries were written during a 5-week period in parallel with radiotherapy and participation in a support group in a hospital. Answers to six open-ended evaluative questions concerning the support group were included in the majority of the written diaries. A qualitative content analysis was used to identify themes.Results:Three themes were constructed during the analysis: "positive group development." "Inhibited group development." and "the individual living with the disease." Hopes and fears for the future in regards to illness and getting better, the value of family and friends, and feelings related to daily life with breast cancer such as fatigue and changes in body image were also expressed in the diaries.Significance of results:The findings suggest that the women with breast cancer found it valuable to be able to share experiences with other women in a similar situation in the context of a support group. Being part of such a group provided a space and an opportunity for reflection.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Lina, et al.
(author)
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The meaning of occupation for patients in palliative care when in hospital
- 2016
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In: Palliative & Supportive Care. - : Oxford University Press. - 1478-9515 .- 1478-9523. ; 14:5, s. 541-552
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to describe how patients in palliative care relate to occupation during hospitalization and to define the meaning it has for them. Eight inpatients in palliative care with various cancer diagnoses were interviewed one time. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Patients experience occupations as meaningful when in hospital during the last period of their lives. They would like to be able to handle their own needs as much as possible. Staff behavior, the design of the environment, the lack of accessible occupations, and the degree to which patients can decide whether to receive or decline visits affect the possibility to make their wishes a reality. Our results also revealed that patients experience a sense of loss of their role, as well as a lack of control and participation. Our results confirm the importance of occupation and of patients having the option to and being given opportunities to take care of themselves when in palliative care. Further studies are needed to enable us to understand how organized occupations might influence patients' experience of being in a hospital during the final period of life.
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| 8. |
- Høye, Sevald, et al.
(author)
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Encounters between multicultural family members and the nurses in the context of intensive care
- 2015
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In: Clinical Nursing Studies. - : Sciedu Press. - 2324-7940 .- 2324-7959. ; 3:1, s. 89-99
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increase in people on the move creates populations that are culturally diverse. People meet various challenges regarding the migration process, social life, jobs and health issues. When a person suffers from acute and critical illness, he/she may be in need of intensive care. The aim of this study was to explore the comprehension of culture, caring and gender among first and second generation immigrant women as relatives on their encounters with intensive care nurses in Norwegian hospitals. A design based upon discursive psychology to explore subject positions, interpretative repertoires and ideological dilemmas focused immigrant female relatives’ experiences with a cultural and gender perspective. Immigrants who were relatives to critically ill people were interviewed. The results of the discourse analysis revealed the following themes: being the caring person as woman, being intertwined between the Western hospital culture and the original family culture and belonging to a minority in a Western majority culture. Conclusion: The women in the families with a critically ill family member mainly act as the caring person. There are dilemmas in how much every family transfer the responsibility for their loved one to the nurses. Anxious attitudes regarding caring activities are rarely linked to their cultural background.
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| 9. |
- Lindgren, Britt-Marie, et al.
(author)
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'They don't understand…you cut yourself in order to live.' : Interpretative repertoires jointly constructing interactions between adult women who self-harm and professional caregivers
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2623 .- 1748-2631. ; 6:3, s. 7254-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the study was to illuminate interpretative repertoires that jointly construct the interaction between adult women who self-harm and professional caregivers in psychiatric inpatient care. Participant observations and informal interviews were conducted among six women who self-harm and their professional caregivers in two psychiatric inpatient wards, and analysed using the concept of interpretative repertoires from the discipline of discursive psychology. The analysis revealed four interpretative repertoires that jointly constructed the interaction. The professional caregivers used a "fostering repertoire" and a "supportive repertoire" and the women who self-harmed used a "victim repertoire" and an "expert repertoire." The women and the caregivers were positioned and positioned themselves and people around them within and among these interpretative repertoires to make sense of their experiences of the interaction. It was necessary to consider each woman's own life chances and knowledge about herself and her needs. The participants made it clear that it was essential for them to be met with respect as individuals. Professional caregivers need to work in partnership with individuals who self-harm-experts by profession collaborating with experts by experience. Caregivers need to look beyond behavioural symptoms and recognise each individual's possibilities for agency.
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| 10. |
- Norberg, Monika, et al.
(author)
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Breast Cancer Survivorship : Intersecting Gendered Discourses in a 5-Year Follow-Up Study
- 2015
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In: Health Care for Women International. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0739-9332 .- 1096-4665. ; 36:5, s. 617-633
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article we present a follow-up study of women's interview narratives about life five to seven years after a breast cancer operation. The women had taken part in a study during the six-month post-operation period. Art therapy contributed to well-being, including strengthening personal boundaries. In the new study, interview analysis informed by critical discursive psychology indicated three problematic discourses that the women still struggled with several years after the operation: the female survivor, the "good woman", individual responsibility. We concluded that many women with a history of breast cancer need support several years after their medical treatment is finished.
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