| 1. |
- Jacobs, Marijke, et al.
(author)
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Synthesis and upscaling of perovskite Mn-based oxygen carrier by industrial spray drying route
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 70, s. 68-75
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has inherent separation of the greenhouse gas CO 2 by avoiding direct contact between air and fuel. The transfer of oxygen is realised by metal oxide particles that continuously circulate between the air and fuel reactors. Promising particles are perovskite Mn-based oxygen carrier materials, which have proven their performance at lab-scale. To test these particles at an industrial scale, it is necessary to use more raw materials that are widely and cheaply available in bulk quantities. The development of these Mn-based oxygen carriers by the spray drying method was investigated in this study. Furthermore, the production method is transferred to industrial scale so that several tonnes of oxygen carriers could be produced. The characterization and the performance of these particles at lab and industrial scale is discussed. Different Mn ores and oxides were selected to study the effect of the used Mn source on the oxygen carrier performance. Particles suitable for chemical looping were made based on diverse Mn sources with different Mn oxidation states. The performance of the oxygen carrier was found to be heavily impacted by impurities in the raw materials. The best performing Mn oxide was selected for up-scaling and each step of the spray drying process was optimized at large scale. The thermal treatment of the particles at tonne scale remains a challenge, but particles with a good mechanical strength, sphericity and sufficient reactivity for methane were manufactured.
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| 2. |
- Mattisson, Tobias, 1970, et al.
(author)
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Testing of innovative Fe- and Ca-Mn-based oxygen carriers with natural gas in continuous operation
- 2017
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In: 9th Trondheim Conference on CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage, Trondheim, Norway, June 12-14, 2017.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) of gaseous fuels, such as natural or refinery gas, could be a viable option in a variety of industries for production of heat and electricity with CCS. Further, CLC can be combined with conventional steam–methane reforming for efficientcarbon-neutral hydrogen production. A series of collaborate European projects have been carried out since 2002, which focused on oxygen-carrier development and upscaling of both the CLC process and oxygen-carrier production with natural gas and refinery gas as fuel. Inthe latest project, SUCCESS (2013-2017), a series of oxygen carriers based on Fe and Ca-Mn materials were developed using commercial and low-cost raw materials. Two commercial methods for particle production were used: impregnation of Fe2O3 on Al2O3 and spray-drying of CaMnO3. In this paper, selected results are presented from investigation of these two promising oxygen carriers using a laboratory-scale unit with continuous operation and a nominal fuel input of 10 kWth. In this unit, the gas velocities in the riser and in the grid jet zone of the gas distributor come close to gas velocities of industrial-scale units and the material is exposed to a large number of redox cycles. Therefore, this unit is highly applicable for judging particle lifetime. Both materials functioned well during operation with natural gas, with little or no agglomeration. The total time with fuel was 30 h and >100 h for the impregnated Fe-based material and the Ca-Mn-based material, respectively. Although the degree of elutriation was high for both materials, the actual fines production (
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| 3. |
- Moldenhauer, Patrick, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Oxygen carrier development of calcium manganite-based materials with perovskite structure for chemical looping combustion of methane
- 2017
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In: Proceedings of the 42nd International Technical Conference on Clean Energy, Clearwater, FL, USA, June 11-15, 2017. ; , s. 12-
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) of gaseous fuels could be of interest in industrial processes for heat, power or hydrogen production with carbon capture. For instance, production of steam or hydrogen from refinery gas are possible applications. A series of collaborate European projects has been carried out since 2002, which focused on oxygen-carrier development and upscaling of both theCLC process and oxygen-carrier production with methane or natural gas as fuel. Most recently, in the FP7 SUCCESS project (2013-2017), Ca-Mn-based materials with perovskite structure, CaMnO3, were produced at a larger scale and with cheap and commercial raw materials. The main advantage with this type of oxygen carrier is the ability to release oxygen to the gas phase, hence promoting reactivity in the fuel reactor. In the project, a significant number of such materials were produced and tested. It was found that a perovskite structure can be obtained relatively easy with widely different raw materials for Ca, Mn, Ti and Mg. The produced materials generally had high reactivities and high attrition resistances, but were prone to sulfur poisoning.In this paper, selected results are presented from the different stages of material development and upscaling, i.e., from bench-scale reactors with batch and continuous operation, respectively, as well as from a laboratory-scale unit with continuous operation and a nominal fuel input of 10 kWth. In the 10 kW unit, the gas velocities in the riser and in the grid jet zone of the gas distributor come close to gas velocities of industrial-scale units and, therefore, this unit is used to assess particle lifetime. Results from the 10 kW unit show that very high degrees of fuel conversion can be reached while achieving very high lifetimes.
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| 4. |
- Moldenhauer, Patrick, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Oxygen-Carrier Development of Calcium Manganite–Based Materials with Perovskite Structure for Chemical-Looping Combustion of Methane
- 2020
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In: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 8:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present work is related to the upscaling of calcium manganite–based oxygen-carrier materials, which have a perovskite structure, both with respect to the use of inexpensive raw materials, i.e., instead of pure chemicals, and the upscaling of production to multitonne batches. Results are presented from the two different stages of material development, i.e., raw material selection and upscaling. The evaluation involves both operation in chemical-looping combustor units of 300 W and 10 kW, and material characterization. In the latter unit, the gas velocities in the riser and in the grid-jet zone of the gas distributor come close to gas velocities of industrial-scale units and, therefore, this unit is also used to assess particle lifetime. Results from the various chemical-looping combustion units and oxygen-carrier materials produced from various raw materials of both high and low purity show that very high degrees of fuel conversion can be reached while achieving very high oxygen-carrier lifetimes. The composition of the oxygen-carrier materials seems robust and flexible with respect to the precursors used in its manufacturing.
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| 5. |
- Penthor, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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The EU-FP7 Project SUCCESS - Scale-up of Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Combustion using Environmentally Sustainable Materials
- 2017
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In: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 114, s. 395-406
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper gives a high level overview of the work performed in the EU-FP7 funded project SUCCESS (Scale-up of oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion using environmentally sustainable materials). The project is the most recent one in a series of successful EU-funded research projects on the chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology. Its main objective is to perform the necessary research in order to demonstrate the CLC technology in the range of 10 MW fuel power input. The main focus is on scale-up of production of two different oxygen carrier materials using large scale equipment and industrially available raw materials. This will guarantee availability of oxygen carrier material at tonne scale. The scale-up of the two materials, a Cu and a Mn based, was successful and first tests with the Cu material have already been performed in four different pilot units up to 150 kW where the material showed excellent performance regarding fuel conversion. In addition to technology scale-up, extensive end-user evaluation is performed. This evaluation includes investigations on health, security and environmental impacts (HSE), a life cycle analysis and a techno-economic analysis to compare the CLC technology for steam generation against the current state-of-the-art technologies.
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| 6. |
- Snijkers, Franz, et al.
(author)
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Upscaling chemical looping combustion for enhanced oil recovery
- 2017
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In: Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference 2017. - : SPE. ; 2017-January
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is an innovative technology for heat production with inherent capture of carbon dioxide at minimal energy penalty. Its development is highly relevant since it addresses CO2 capture needed for closing the carbon loop as a contribution to mitigating climate change, one of the big challenges of today's society. In CLC, oxygen is transferred from an air reactor to a fuel reactor by means of a solid oxygen carrier. Thus avoiding direct contact between air and fuel, and after condensation of water, an undiluted CO2 exhaust stream is obtained. CO2 is more and more considered as a valuable chemical substance for enhanced oil/ gas recovery projects as well as for the production of chemicals, polymers or building materials. It can potentially be an option for several types EOR namely were miscible gases for injection are needed, for steam EOR and for CO2 EOR. Strategic to CLC technology is the oxygen carrier that is in the heart of the process. Parameters such as particle size and distribution, density, porosity, strength, attrition resistance, reactivity, environmental aspects and cost, define the performance of the oxygen carrier. The first generation oxygen carriers were Nibased. However, due to cost of nickel and toxicity, a search for Ni-free oxygen carriers was conducted with similar or superior performance in CLC. This has lead to the development of Mn-based oxygen carriers, that demonstrate the beneficial oxygen uncoupling effect, with complete fuel conversion as a result. In the EC 7FP project SUCCESS, a promising oxygen carrier based on perovskite calcium- manganite with good fluidisability, high sphericity and high attrition resistance, was upscaled to the industrial scale. In this contribution results are presented obtained with oxygen carriers that have been produced by the versatile and industrial scalable spray-drying technique. Results are discussed that have for the first time been obtained with an upscaled process. The oxygen carriers were fabricated with the industrial spray drying process for multi-Tonne scale production in order to accommodate for chemical looping plants of 10 MW and larger.
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| 7. |
- Ugwu, Ambrose, et al.
(author)
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Gas switching technology : Economic attractiveness for chemical looping applications and scale up experience to 50 kW(th)
- 2022
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In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 114
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gas switching technology (GST) was introduced to facilitate operation and scale-up of pressurized chemical looping-based technologies thus bringing the expected benefits of reducing costs and energy penalty of CO2 capture. GST has so far been applied to generate heat/power, hydrogen, syngas, and oxygen using fossil fuel gas (but also from biomass for negative CO2 emissions) with integrated CO2 capture at minimal energy penalty generating over 50 publication studies demonstrating the technical feasibility of the technology and quantifying the potential energy and cost savings. In contrast to conventional chemical looping, GST inherently avoids solids circulation by alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions into a single fluidized bed reactor with an oxygen carrier, thus removing many of the technical challenges that hinder the scale-up of the technology. GST has successfully been applied and demonstrated for combustion, steam/dry methane reforming, and water splitting, using different oxygen carriers, showing the ease of operation under both atmospheric and pressurized conditions and achieving high products separation efficiency.This paper summarises the different studies completed on the Gas Switching Technology covering experimental demonstration (including the experience from a 50 kW(th) cluster), process modelling and techno-economics, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the technology and discussing the way forward.
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