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- Iftikhar, Bawar, et al.
(author)
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A machine learning-based genetic programming approach for the sustainable production of plastic sand paver blocks
- 2023
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In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier Editora Ltda. - 2238-7854. ; 25, s. 5705-5719
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Plastic sand paver blocks (PSPB) provide a sustainable alternative by reprocessing plastic waste and decreasing reliance on environmentally hazardous materials such as concrete. They promote waste management and environmentally favorable building practices. This paper presents a novel method for estimating the compressive strength (CS) of plastic sand paver blocks based on gene expression programming (GEP) techniques. The database collected from the experimental work comprises 135 compressive strength results. Seven input parameters were involved in predicting the CS of PSPB, namely, plastic, sand, sand size, fiber percentage, fibre length, fibre diameter, and tensile strength of the fibre. Simplified mathematical expressions were used to figure out the CS. The results of GEP formulations showed that they were better in line with the experimental data, with R2 values for CS of 0.89 (training) and 0.88 (testing). The models' performance was evaluated using sensitivity analysis and statistical checks. The statistical evaluations show that the actual and predicted values are closer together, which lends credence to the GEP model's capacity to forecast PSPB CS. The sensitivity analysis showed that sand size and fibre percentage contribute more than 50% of the CS in PSPB. In addition, the results demonstrate that the proposed models are accurate and have a robust capacity for generalization and prediction. This research can improve environmental protection and economic benefit by enhancing the reuse of PSPB in producing green ecosystems.
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| 2. |
- Iftikhar, Bawar, et al.
(author)
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Experimental study on the eco-friendly plastic-sand paver blocks by utilising plastic waste and basalt fibers
- 2023
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In: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 9:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Plastic waste poses a significant hazard to the environment as a result of its high production rates, which endanger both the environment and its inhabitants. Similarly, another concern is the production of cement, which accounts for roughly 8% of global CO2 emissions. Thus, recycling plastic waste as a replacement for cementitious materials may be a more effective strategy for waste minimisation and cement elimination. Therefore, in this study, plastic waste (low-density polyethylene) is utilised in the production of plastic sand paver blocks without the use of cement. In addition to this, basalt fibers which is a green industrial material is also added in the production of eco-friendly plastic sand paver blocks to satisfy the standard of ASTM C902-15 of 20 N/mm2 for the light traffic. In order to make the paver blocks, the LDPE waste plastic was melted outside in the open air and then combined with sand. Variations were made to the ratio of LDPE to sand, the proportion of basalt fibers, and sand particle size. Paver blocks were evaluated for their compressive strength, water absorption, and at different temperatures. Including 0.5% percent basalt fiber of length 4 mm gives us the best result by enhancing compressive strength by 20.5% and decreasing water absorption by 50.5%. The best results were obtained with a ratio of 30:70 LDPE to sand, while the finest sand provides the greatest compressive strength. Moreover, the temperature effect was also studied from 0 to 60 °C, and the basalt fibers incorporated in plastic paver blocks showed only a 20% decrease in compressive strength at 60 °C. This research has produced eco-friendly paver blocks by removing cement and replacing it with plastic waste, which will benefit the environment, save money, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and be suitable for low-traffic areas, all of which contribute to sustainable development.
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