| 1. |
- Svensson Primus, Robert, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Between Grassroots Democracy and Professional Commercialism in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Football in the Nordic Countries. - London : Routledge. - 9781003280729 - 9781032249131 ; , s. 64-76
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the late 19th century, football entered Sweden's coastal cities, such as Malmö, Halmstad and Gothenburg. The sport grew quickly, and the Swedish Football Association (SvFF) was founded in 1904. In the following decades, the popularity of football increased and in the 1950s it was perceived as the national sport of Sweden. However, at that time the sport was non-professional and in practice only for men. In order to keep up with hardening international competition, SvFF overturned the amateur regulations in 1967. Professionalisation was slow due to the lack of revenue but accelerated for male players after the Bosman ruling in 1995. Women's football developed gradually from the 1960s and in 1972 a national league organised by SvFF was formed. Youth football also grew substantially. Despite the differences in resources football became well-established amongst both men and women. However, the tensions between idealism, voluntarism and inclusion on the one hand, and commercialism, professionalism and selection, on the other hand, remain. This is best exemplified by the 51% rule, which states that clubs must be majority-owned by the members. This is hailed by some as a guarantee for democratic football, while others argue that it restricts clubs’ financial development.
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| 2. |
- Alsarve [Arvidsson], Daniel, 1976-
(författare)
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I ständig strävan efter framgång? : föreningsdemokratins innehåll och villkor i Örebro Sportklubb 1908-89
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this dissertation is to study the conditions of and changes in sociative democracy processes at club level. One sports club is studied, Örebro Sportklubb (ÖSK), from its foundation in 1908 up to 1989. The main sources are club minutes, member magazines and annual reports. Democracy, and its twofolded relation to sport and economy processes, is the main problem area of the study. The specific question is how aspirations for economic effectiveness and sporting success influenced the democracy processes in ÖSK between 1908 and 1989.The Swedish sports movement has been described as a democratic movement. But the same movement has also been portrayed as an undemocratic movement made of men, for men. The study is based on a broad understanding of the democracy concept where issues of representativeness, influence, participation and knowledge are prominent. At a club level, the study is analysing the contents of the Swedish sports movement's democracy and its change during the 1900s. The thesis also illustrates how the pursuit of economic efficiency affected the associative democracy. These efficiencies were visible already in the 1920s, but was deepened during the 1970s. In short, the democratic range decreased, and successful sections became less and less motivated to finance the deficits of other sections.But the increased market orientation did not only represent a threat to the associative democracy. Marketisation and commercialization also preconditioned the democracy. At the club arena (Eyravallen), the members met in the clubhouse and café which, in turn, deepened the social capital and friendships within the club.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Alsarve, Daniel, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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A gang of ironworkers with the scent of blood : A participation observation of male dominance and its historical trajectories at Swedish semi-professional ice hockey events
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Review for the Sociology of Sport. - : Sage Publications. - 1012-6902 .- 1461-7218. ; 57:1, s. 54-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ice hockey has traditionally been a male-dominated culture that has both promoted and legitimised masculine dominance and gender inequality. The question is, how might ice hockey games, or other male-dominated sports, be organised differently and thus become more gender equal? Our ambition in this article is to initiate a discussion about how the construction of gender in ice hockey events operationalises or opposes the dominance of men and the marginalisation of women. The specific purpose is to identify techniques that configure men/masculinities as dominant in the ice hockey culture. Taking critical studies of men and masculinities as the point of departure, with a specific focus on the situational aspects of gender construction, this case study makes use of participatory observations of eight qualification games in Swedish semi-professional ice hockey. Our results show that men and certain types of masculinity dominate in the events framing the game and how this links the ice hockey players and the club with the local body-worker culture and its industrial, economic and historical context. Identification with these men is ideally created amongst male spectators, given that children and women do not have the same obvious place in the event’s narrative. Some clubs seek to include women and children in their matches, which affects both the atmosphere and the situation. By focusing on the events’ introductions and general narratives, and how they make use of a (masculine) version of the place’s past in the present, we discuss how the ice hockey culture contributes to the current hegemony of men and masculinities.
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| 5. |
- Alsarve, Daniel, 1976-
(författare)
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A repertoire of possibilities : visualized masculinities in a Swedish sportsclub 1908-09
- 2015
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Ingår i: Book of abstracts. - : European College of Sport Science. - 9789171045676 ; , s. 280-280
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction and aim When designing our identities we are inclined to use images of our selves, as well as pictures of ’the others’. Images are interwoven with our culture and society, as well as with definitions of history and truth. The overall aim of this study is to analyse, by using a visual method, masculinizing and de-masculizing processes. More specific, the objective is to study how a dominant masculinity manifested itself in associative visuals (and texts), and how these images of domination changed during from 1908 to 1989. Theory and method Drawing inspiration from Bourdieu (2001) and Connell (1995), the theoretical perspective is based on the production and reproduction of a dominant and hegemonic masculinity manuscript at a associative level. Results from their work reveal that images and expectations about men and women make us asymmetrically associated with e. g. sexuality or age. This means that the norms of masculinity dictate how athletics are visualised or objectified. In turn, the norms and actions of masculinity are hierarchical, i.e. men see themselves in relation to a dominant masculinity or an alternative femininity. (This process always includes several other potential power perceptions.) From this perspective ideals and identities can vary both between men and within the same man, when, for example, the context changes. The method is a textual and visual analysis of how the hegemonic manuscript conditions and permeates the images and texts, e. g. in what is being captured or why, how a photograph is taken, how the athlete is portrayed and so on. More specific, the numerical representations of men and women respectively are counted along with more qualitative characteristics of how men and women were portrayed. Results and discussion The photography of a man always contains a potential to construct and categorise differences of gender. The ambition of the study is to say something universal about the mechanisms of the (re)production of male dominance in an organisation. The overall conclusion shows the difference in being objectified or portrayed, visually and textually, with and without respectively, a preserved subject position and status. Although, there are arguments for a changeable masculinity, sometimes the ideal masculine identity shows little variance. The changing aspects are particularly interesting as the study object grasps over an 80- year period. The discussion will focus on what power mechanisms are being used to reproduce a dominant, masculine order in the association. References Bourdieu, Pierre. (2001). Masculine domination. Cambridge: Polity. Connell, Raewyn. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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| 6. |
- Alsarve, Daniel, 1976-
(författare)
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Achieving gender equity : barriers and possibilities at board level in Swedish sport
- 2024
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Ingår i: European Sport Management Quarterly. - : Routledge. - 1618-4742 .- 1746-031X. ; 24:1, s. 286-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research questions How is the 'problem' of gender equity described, perceived and experienced by female and male board members in Swedish sport today? What key dilemmas can be identified in the realisation of a gender equitable sport management? Research methods The article builds on research conducted on three Swedish ball sport federations during 2020-2021 and is based on a total number of 27 (12 males, 15 females) structured interviews with top leaders. The methodology employs Fraser's concept of gender justice and the need to pay attention to cultural and economic dimensions in transformative interventions. Results and Findings Three dilemmas relating to the realisation of gender equity are analysed: between quotas and stigmatisation, overcoming gender equity as a side-project and how the democratic infrastructure of Swedish sport enables men's continued dominance. The findings indicate that one-dimensional (affirmative) interventions dominate, which in turn explain why achieving gender equity in Swedish sport is difficult, i.e. cultural interventions only limit the chances of achieving gender equity. Implications To implement transformative interventions, cultural and economic resources need to be equally recognised and redistributed so that the organisations' gender order is deconstructed and participation on equally recognised terms secured.
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| 7. |
- Alsarve, Daniel, 1976-
(författare)
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Addressing gender equality : enactments of gender and hegemony in the educational textbooks used in Swedish sports coaching and educational programmes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sport, Education and Society. - : Routledge. - 1357-3322 .- 1470-1243. ; 23:9, s. 840-852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sport is often described as a field containing competitive and hierarchy shaping activities. However, in Sweden and elsewhere, this field is also permeated by democratic principles where, for example, everybody has the right to participate in children’s and youth sports regardless of gender, ethnicity or physical ability. In Sweden, there are distinct objectives for gender equality, where women/girls and men/boys should ideally be treated and recognised equally. The aim of this paper is twofold: to examine how gender is enacted in the textbooks used in Swedish sports coaching and educational programmes and to identify whether any of the enactments reflect a hegemonic masculinity. The textbooks used in two of the most extensive courses arranged by the Swedish Sports Confederation, ‘The Platform’ [Plattformen] and ‘Basic Coach Education’ [Grundtränarutbildning] are in focus. The theoretical framework and methodological approach are inspired by research on sport, gender and the hegemonic masculinity thesis. In the process of analysis, the hegemonic perspective is central. During the analysis, four themes are identified as expressions of a hegemonic masculinity and, thus, as obstacles to gender equality. Firstly, the binary sex norm poses a real challenge for the implementation of gender equality because it helps to shape a hierarchy that privileges men and masculinities. Secondly and thirdly, the themes ‘puberty’ and ‘the coach’ appear to be important, in that they support and contest a gendered hierarchy. Finally, there are examples of men, like sport coaches, appearing as genderless, which is interpreted as a hegemonic acceptance of the category of men (as universal and genderless subjects). By critically illuminating these themes, the paper adds to the wider research field of sport, coaching and education programmes and the complexity of gender mainstreaming in sport.
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| 8. |
- Alsarve, Daniel, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond the public light : Political strongmen, masculine embodiment and sports organizations
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: Routledge Handbook on Men, Masculinities and Organizations. - London : Routledge. - 9781003193579 - 9781032045153 - 9781032045160
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter we expand the analysis of sports, organizations, and masculinity to include behaviour often hidden in private communications by broadening the definition of the ‘locker room’ to include social media and other online spaces. Drawing upon high-profile events, research on male-dominated sports, and arguments on sports and hegemonic masculinities, we illustrate how strongmen create locker room spaces to embody narratives of hegemonic masculinities that disparage and mock certain groups. Demonstrating their values and ideas on whiteness, masculinity, and domination, the strongmen’s misogynist, homophobic, and racist language constructs women, LGBTQ + individuals, and ethnic minorities as inferior. In particular, the weaponization of misogyny and homophobia serves as a warning not only to women and gay men, but also to ‘non-feminized’ heterosexual men whose behaviour or ideas fall outside dominant ‘normative’ constructions of masculinity. By focussing on hidden (or not intended to be public) communication between men in sports organizations, our analysis illustrates that demeaning behaviour is, on the part of some white men, a response to their fear of social change – prompting an examination of the fragility of hegemonic masculinity.
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| 9. |
- Alsarve, Daniel, 1976-
(författare)
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Brothers, bruises, and the will to win : a social-ecological hegemony perspective on Swedish ice hockey's past
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sport in Society. - : Routledge. - 1743-0437 .- 1743-0445. ; 27:5, s. 681-700
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tradition of Swedish ice hockey as a masculine-dominated territory that encourages characteristics like roughness, aggressiveness, and to some extent violence has been hotly debated. Using historical articles from the Swedish Hockey magazine, and with a perspective combining hegemony with the social-ecological model of violence prevention, this study develops an interpretation of how masculinity traits and violence in Swedish ice hockey interconnect. The historical case provides findings for this interconnection, with meanings of masculinity and a competitive commitment as permeating threads. Triggered by individuals, but also connected to coaches' encouragements, organizations' endeavours, societal, and financial forces, the negotiations around playing styles and allowance levels have been permeated by ideals of masculinity; ideals that enforce the current hegemonic gender order. Ultimately, the article contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of sport violence as an issue that not only impacts or can be utilized by sport organizations and players/practitioners but also its broader societal implications.
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| 10. |
- Alsarve, Daniel, 1976-
(författare)
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Föreställningar om maskuliniteter och feminiteter i idrottens ledarskapslitteratur
- 2015
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Ingår i: Program SVEBI 2015. - Växjö : Linnéuniversitet.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduktion: Trots att svensk idrott länge har haft ett övergripande jämställdhetsmål där kvinnor och män, pojkar och flickor ska ha samma villkor (RF, 1989, 2005, 2011) så går förändringsarbetet trögt. Detta förklaras ofta av att många idrottsgrenar bär en tradition där män dominerat med följden att normer och handlingar som förknippas med ”kvinnliga” egenskaper värderas lägre (se t ex Fundberg, 2003; Messner, 1992). Ett viktigt incitament för förändring är utbildning och inom idrottens (SISU:s) ledar-skapsutbildningar finns två ”grundutbildningar”: Plattformen och grundtränarutbildningen. Men möjliggör eller förhindrar innehållet i dessa utbildningar förändringar mot en mer jämställd idrott?Syfte & teoretisk ram: I detta paper studeras hur kön/genus represente-ras i litteraturen i dessa utbildningar med fokus på att synliggöra komplexiteter/motsägelsefullheter. Syftet är att utreda om och i så fall hur litteraturens innehåll utmanar eller bekräftar en traditionell, ste-reotypisk föreställning om mäns och manligheters dominans över kvinnor och kvinnligheter och om innehållet således bidrar till eller hindrar möjligheterna för en mer jämställd idrott. Teoretiskt bildar forskning om hegemoniska maskuliniteter (Connell 1983, 1996) och mäns hegemonier (Hearn, 2004) ramverk för analysen.Metod: Genom textanalys och ett diskursivt perspektiv studeras fyra böcker inom de ovan nämnda natio-nella utbildningarna. Dessutom används i viss utsträckning även kursernas powerpoint-presentatio-ner som underlag för analysen.Resultat: De preliminära resultaten visar att män skildras både stereotypiskt och som normbrytare genom att till exempel trösta och hålla om barn. Samtidigt reproducerar texterna ett binärt könssystem som tenderar att underordna kvinnor och kvinnlighet. Kvinnans kropp beskrivs som mindre kapabel och sämre utrustad för fysisk ansträngning. Detta gör också att attityden till kvinnor som kunskapsbärande och kunskapsproducerande subjekt påverkas.Diskussion: Diskussionen fokuserar på hur innehållet i denna litteratur tenderar att både reproducera och i viss mån utmana mäns och manligheters dominans inom idrotten. Samtidigt finns det något motsägelsefullt i att män bryter mot en traditionellt manlig norm eftersom detta snarare tenderar att omskapa en ny form av hegemoni (Connell 1983, 1996). Detta kan förklara trögföränderligheten hos hegemoniska mas-kuliniteter och ger således ny kunskap om jämställdhetsarbetets utmaningar.
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