| 1. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Lessons learned from setting up a demonstration site with autonomous shuttle operation – based on experience from three cities in Europe
- 2022
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In: Journal of Urban Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0917. ; 2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The interest in operating autonomous vehicles is growing and several demonstration sites using automated shuttles have been established all over the world. Major work is involved in setting up an automated shuttle operation that involves more than identifying the relevant site, including adhering to current regulations and obtaining approval, as well as a considerable amount of preparation and commissioning required at the site. The shuttle must pass relevant national vehicle regulations, and the operation site has to undergo a site assessment. This paper is based on lessons learned achieved from setting up automated shuttle operations in three different areas in Europe: Brussel (Belgium), Linköping (Sweden) and Turin (Italy). The focus is on the practical aspects of operation. Through the experience we have gained of setting up demonstration sites at three locations in Europe, we have identified the need to summarise the lessons learned from preparing AV shuttle operation sites in order to facilitate the implementation of other operation sites. Hence, this paper aims to consolidate lessons learned during preparation and implementation of automated shuttle operations in near urban environments and to identify the path toward future implementation The three sites operate different brands and number of shuttles, different types of infrastructure and varying local conditions. The focus here was on generic lessons learned and not to understand differences between brands and operators. It is clear that further development of the AV shuttles is vital to ensure that they operate smoothly in complex traffic situations considering lane and road width, shared spaces, snow, dust, rain, leaves, birds, etc. Adapting the road infrastructure to enable the shuttles to run in the autonomous mode should be avoided, instead the shuttle development should prioritise fitting into the existing traffic environment and eco system. Mitigation areas have been identified covering: road infrastructure, weather dependant operation, season dependent operation, improvement of localisation, digital infrastructure, design and working conditions, and citizens’ user experience.
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| 2. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and enforcement
- 2023. - 1
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In: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003213154
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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FERSI position paper: Safety through automation? : ensuring that automated and connected driving contribute to a safer transportation system
- 2020
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In: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020. ; , s. 5-
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In 2018, the Forum of European Road Safety Research Institutes (FERSI) published a report on automated driving (AD) from a road safety point of view, prepared by a dedicated FERSI Working Group with experts from eleven European countries. The group identified 23 high priority concerns or questions, clustered into four categories, to ensure that connected AD and co-operative ITS successfully contribute to a smart, green, and integrated transport system which at the same time is a safe transport system. The discussions resulted in ten principles to be fulfilled in order to optimise the safety effects of AD. Even if these principles may seem straightforward, the underlying questions are complex, and the identification and realisation of cost-efficient and effective solutions will require considerable effort. Many strong industrial and political driving forces exist, but so far improving road safety seems to get insufficient priority. FERSI therefore recommends a number of focused actions.
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| 4. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Rumble Strips, Continuous Shoulder, and Centerline
- 2021
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In: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - Oxford : Elsevier. ; , s. 549-553
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Rumble strips in the center of two-lane rural roads and on the shoulder of motorways are a countermeasure aimed to help drivers who unintentionally are about to leave the lane, for example, due to fatigue or inattention. Rumble strips are widely used. They are installed in the raised profile or as in-ground (milled or pressed). The design varies in width, depth, length, and design. The most effective are the in-ground ones. Evaluations show an effect of 10% reduction of all injury crashes and 37% reduction on target crashes (head-on, single crashes to the left, etc.). Rumble strips contribute to speed reduction of 2–5 km/h and an increased distance to them with 10–15 cm, something that is good for vehicle-to-vehicle interactions, but less good for pedestrians and cyclist using the shoulder. To summarize, rumble strips save lives to a rather small cost in relation to other infrastructure-based countermeasures.
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| 5. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers’ perspectives
- 2022
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In: Road Safety on Five Continents – RS5C. Proceedings. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 94-95
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Travelling by bus is one of the safest modes of transport. However, crashes still happen and studies have found that the most severe crashes are related to rollovers, mainly on rural roads. The most severe injuries occur when unbuckled passengers are thrown out through the windows or get stuck under the bus. In Sweden the use of a seat belt and information about seat belt use when traveling by bus is regulated in Traffic Ordinance (1998: 1276) Chapter 4 §10a. In short, all bus passengers three years or older should be seated in a place with a seat belt, if there is such a place, and should use the belt. If there is no seat belt available, it is allowed to stand in the bus (if the bus is approved for standing places). The legal responsibility to inform and make sure passengers under 15 use the belt are on the bus driver. Despite existing regulations there is no clear view on the usage rate of seat belt in buses, or on the travellers’ view of their own usage and the reasons to not buckle up. This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers’ incentives of seatbelt usage.
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| 6. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers' perspectives
- 2023
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 190
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers' incentives of seat belt usage. Methods used are observational studies (10 cities, with 328 bus observations), focus group discussion (7 groups with a total of 32 participants) and a web survey (n = 1737 respondents). The results show that the seat belt use among bus passengers can be improved especially in regional and commercial bus traffic. It is more common to buckle up on long trips than on short trips. However, even though observations show high usage during long trips, travellers report that they remove the seat belt after a while if they want to sleep or for comfort reasons. For the bus drivers it is not possible to control passengers' usage. Dirty seat belts and technical malfunction might deter some passengers from using them and therefore systematic cleaning and control of seats and belts are recommended. On short trips one reason for not using the belt is related to worries about getting stuck and not being ready to get off in time. In general, it is most important to increase the usage on high-speed roads (>60 km/ h), in lower speed it might be more important to provide a seat for each passenger. Based on the results a list of recommendations is presented.
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| 7. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Skyltning av hållplats som används vid skolskjutsning : pilotförsök
- 2003
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Syftet med pilotstudien var att finna en lösning som kan öka säkerheten för barn som väntar på skolskjuts och som kliver av skolskjuts. Tanken var att göra ett system som dels innebar att barnen kunde stå säkrare och samtidigt vara synbara för skolskjutsföraren, dels öka medtrafikanternas medvetenhet om att det fanns barn vid vägen och därmed få dem att förändra sitt beteende (hastighet och säkerhetsavstånd till barnen). Pilotstudien har bestått av flera delprojekt.:- Marknadsundersökning för att inventera möjliga skyltsystem.- Konstruktion av hållplats och skylt med blinkande/rinnande ljus.- Erfarenhetsutbyte med referensgrupper bestående av förare, barn och föräldrar.- Mätning av systemets effekter på trafikantbeteende; Hastighetsmätningar oSidolägesmätningarTelefonintervjuer för att ta del av vad förbipasserande personbilsförare uppmärksammat.
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| 8. |
- Grandsart, Delphine, et al.
(author)
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Citizen and Stakeholder Engagement in the Development and Deployment of Automated Mobility Services : as Exemplified in the SHOW Project
- 2023
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In: Smart Energy for Smart Transport. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 468-481
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The H2020-funded SHOW project (SHared automation Operating models for Worldwide adoption) supports the deployment of connected, cooperative and automated mobility (CCAM) through real-life pilot demonstrations taking place in 20 cities across Europe. While CCAM has the potential to bring great benefits to citizens and society, user acceptance is a crucial challenge to address. In this paper, we explore the importance of citizen and stakeholder engagement in the development of new mobility services, and how such aspects have been integrated and applied in SHOW. User acceptance surveys are being conducted at different stages in the project. In addition, dedicated citizen and stakeholder engagement activities are organized, including Ideathons and Hackathons. By engaging both citizens as potential end-users and stakeholders in the development process, we aim to ensure that SHOW services meet their needs and requirements and to increase the positive impacts on society.
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| 9. |
- Mirnig, Alexander G., et al.
(author)
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External communication of automated shuttles: Results, experiences, and lessons learned from three European long-term research projects
- 2022
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In: Frontiers Robotics AI. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-9144. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Automated shuttles are already seeing deployment in many places across the world and have the potential to transform public mobility to be safer and more accessible. During the current transition phase from fully manual vehicles toward higher degrees of automation and resulting mixed traffic, there is a heightened need for additional communication or external indicators to comprehend automated vehicle actions for other road users. In this work, we present and discuss the results from seven studies (three preparatory and four main studies) conducted in three European countries aimed at investigating and providing a variety of such external communication solutions to facilitate the exchange of information between automated shuttles and other motorized and non-motorized road users.
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| 10. |
- Niska, Anna, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Cykling bland barn och unga : en kunskapssammanställning
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Cyklandet bland barn och unga har minskat, vilket får negativa effekter på hälsa och barns självständiga mobilitet. VTI har i detta regeringsuppdrag sammanställt kunskap om tänkbara orsaker till detta, baserat på litteraturstudier och kontakter med relevanta aktörer samt analyser av resvanedata och olycksstatisk. Statistiken visar att det är andelen personer som cyklar som minskat medan den cyklade sträckan inte förändrats. Framförallt har barns och ungas fritidscyklande minskat, vilket kan förklaras av ökade avstånd till fritidsaktiviteter, föräldrars heltidsarbete och att barns vardag idag är mer institutionaliserat. Även cyklandet till skolan har minskat, bland annat då det fria skolvalet lett till ökade avstånd. Andra orsaker är fler bilar i hushållen, förändringar i hur barn leker och kommunicerar, bristande faktisk och upplevd säkerhet och trygghet i kombination med föräldrars förställningar om barns trafikförmåga. Cykelresorna har delvis ersatts av bilresor men framförallt av ett ökat gående och resande med kollektivtrafik. Cyklingen har minskar mest bland de äldre barnen. Då de främst ersatt sitt resande med kollektivtrafik, kan en förklaring vara att fler erbjuds gratis busskort. Det finns ett stort engagemang och kompetens kring barns och ungas cykling bland olika aktörer, men behovet är stort av ökad samordning och att de initiativ och åtgärder som vidtas utvärderas systematiskt.
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