| 1. |
- Rashkovska, A., et al.
(author)
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Medical-grade ECG sensor for long-term monitoring
- 2020
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In: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 20:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The recent trend in electrocardiogram (ECG) device development is towards wireless body sensors applied for patient monitoring. The ultimate goal is to develop a multi-functional body sensor that will provide synchronized vital bio-signs of the monitored user. In this paper, we present an ECG sensor for long-term monitoring, which measures the surface potential difference between proximal electrodes near the heart, called differential ECG lead or differential lead, in short. The sensor has been certified as a class IIa medical device and is available on the market under the trademark Savvy ECG. An improvement from the user’s perspective—immediate access to the measured data—is also implemented into the design. With appropriate placement of the device on the chest, a very clear distinction of all electrocardiographic waves can be achieved, allowing for ECG recording of high quality, sufficient for medical analysis. Experimental results that elucidate the measurements from a differential lead regarding sensors’ position, the impact of artifacts, and potential diagnostic value, are shown. We demonstrate the sensors’ potential by presenting results from its various areas of application: medicine, sports, veterinary, and some new fields of investigation, like hearth rate variability biofeedback assessment and biometric authentication.
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| 2. |
- Tomasic, Ivan, et al.
(author)
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Smart wireless sensor for physiological monitoring
- 2015
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In: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, vol. 211. - 9781614995159 ; , s. 295-301
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Presented is a wireless body sensor capable of measuring local potential differences on a body surface. By using on-sensor signal processing capabilities, and developed algorithms for off-line signal processing on a personal computing device, it is possible to record single channel ECG, heart rate, breathing rate, EMG, and when three sensors are applied, even the 12-lead ECG. The sensor is portable, unobtrusive, and suitable for both inpatient and outpatient monitoring. The paper presents the sensor's hardware and results of power consumption analysis. The sensor's capabilities of recording various physiological parameters are also presented and illustrated. The paper concludes with envisioned sensor's future developments and prospects.
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| 3. |
- Trobec, R., et al.
(author)
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Commercial ECG systems
- 2018
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In: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783319593388 ; , s. 101-114
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Besides the standard 12-lead ECG and the Holter monitor, today the market offers a wide range of modern ECG devices and services supported by the latest developments in ICT. This chapter is devoted to the current state-of-the-art from the area of ECG with a reduced number of leads. We focus on ECG wireless body sensors, differentiating between those that measure only heart rate and are used just for entertainment or during sport activities, and those that actually measure and analyze the ECG signal, with all its waveforms. The latter are elaborated in more detail, particularly our differential ECG sensor and its commercial version Savvy, for which we provide also a comprehensive comparison to other state-of-the-art sensors in that field. It is, however, inevitable that the state-of-the art will change in the future. The constant progress in ICT will always drive the development of new and improved ECG devices.
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| 4. |
- Trobec, R., et al.
(author)
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ECG pilot studies
- 2018
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In: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783319593388 ; , s. 61-75
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of wireless ECG body sensors in two pilot studies is presented. The first study, running at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana, is focused on the investigation of postoperative atrial fibrillation. The patients are monitored with wireless ECG body sensors one day before and five days after the surgery. The second study has been established at the primary care level in the Community Health Centre Ljubljana, with the intention to establish heart rhythm screening. As both studies are still in progress, we present just their setup and some interesting findings that emerged in their starting phase. Based on evidences from long-term ECG measurements, we identify several still open ECG research questions that could utilize the vast amount of long ECG recordings obtained from the pilot studies.
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| 5. |
- Trobec, R., et al.
(author)
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Final remarks and conclusions
- 2018
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In: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783319593388 ; , s. 115-119
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The content of our book, devoted to body sensors and their implications to electrocardiography, is recapitulated with this chapter. The identified challenges in long-term ECG data analytics are discussed. Based on the presented material, the near future of mHealth perspectives is foreseen regarding the technology, the usability, and the potential of increased users’ awareness for their own health.
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| 6. |
- Trobec, R., et al.
(author)
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From multichannel ECG to wireless body sensors
- 2018
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In: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. - Cham : Springer Verlag. ; , s. 13-35
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A more detailed description of multichannel electrocardiography and the differential lead aims to clarify why the multichannel ECG opens a path towards implementation of wireless wearable sensors. Several ways of how the differential lead could be used for heart rhythm monitoring are shown with options for analysis and interpretation of sensor ECG measurements. Finally, the most important vital signs that could be provided by a multifunctional body sensor are presented.
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| 7. |
- Trobec, R., et al.
(author)
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Introduction
- 2018
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In: Springer Briefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783319593388 ; , s. 1-12
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The motivation and goals for the development of mobile health solutions are presented. Short history and background of the electrocardiography provide basic principles and facts related to the heart activity and elucidate the path from the measurement of conventional electrocardiogram to the monitoring of the heart by wireless body sensors. A bipolar differential lead is introduced, which has enabled the implementation of a small body sensor for capturing electric potential differences on the skin. The chapter concludes with guidelines on how to read this book and with a short overview of all book chapters.
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| 8. |
- Trobec, R., et al.
(author)
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Lead theory of differential leads and synthesis of the standard 12-lead ECG
- 2018
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In: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. - Cham : Springer Verlag. ; , s. 77-100
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this chapter, the lead theory of differential leads is presented. A differential lead is an ECG lead obtained from two closely positioned electrodes on the body surface. It can be measured with an ECG body sensor. The theoretical background is needed to gain a formal and intuitive understanding of what is measured with differential leads, as well as to elaborate how the standard 12-lead ECG can be synthesized from three differential leads. The 12-lead ECG synthesis is based on the dipole volume source model. After introducing the dipole model, the Burger’s equation is derived and the concept of lead vector defined. We describe how to derive lead vectors from known heart vector and, vice versa, how to obtain the heart vector from known lead vectors. Then, the concepts of image surface and lead field are introduced, followed with a description of the lead field of a differential lead. Next, the theory and methods for ECG leads synthesis from differential leads is presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the evaluation and personalization of the synthesis.
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| 9. |
- Trobec, R., et al.
(author)
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Software for an mHealth system
- 2018
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In: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783319593388 ; , s. 37-59
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A description of software requirements for an mHealth system is provided. Several layers of software are required for proper system functioning: ECG body sensor firmware, applications on smartphones, Cloud applications, and stand-alone applications for personal computers. The main functionality requirements of the mHealth software are described. Additionally, approaches for fulfilling those requirements are proposed.
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