| 1. |
- Bajracharya, Rojeena, et al.
(author)
-
5G and Beyond Private Military Communication : Trend, Requirements, Challenges and Enablers
- 2023
-
In: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 11, s. 83996-84012
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Communication networks are becoming increasingly important in military operations, with task fields like time-critical targeting, covert special operations, command and control, training, and logistics, all relying heavily on the communication network and its services. On the other hand, commercial communication has dramatically transformed our society and the way we communicate. The newest network mode at present, 5G and beyond (5GB), is characterized by high speed, low latency, high reliability, and high communication density. Although the use of 5GB commercial networks for defense agencies can offer greater flexibility and efficiency, they also face a new challenge that requires high standards of network protection and harsh working conditions and environments. In this paper, we discuss the significance of communication networks in several potential military applications, particularly for warfare, training/drilling, logistics, and special mission-specific stations. We present the communication trends adopted in military applications. Then, we open up various 5GB key performance indexes and their use cases for the military communication systems. We also elaborate on unique challenges of the military communication networks that are unlikely to be resolved via commercial 5GB research. The various 5GB enabling technologies for military communication systems are discussed. Lastly, we present and analyze 5GB new radio for the private military communication under C-band.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bajracharya, Rojeena, et al.
(author)
-
5G and Beyond Private Military Communication : Trend, Requirements, Challenges and Enablers
- 2023
-
In: IEEE Access. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 2169-3536. ; 11, s. 83996-84012
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Communication networks are becoming increasingly important in military operations, with task fields like time-critical targeting, covert special operations, command and control, training, and logistics, all relying heavily on the communication network and its services. On the other hand, commercial communication has dramatically transformed our society and the way we communicate. The newest network mode at present, 5G and beyond (5GB), is characterized by high speed, low latency, high reliability, and high communication density. Although the use of 5GB commercial networks for defense agencies can offer greater flexibility and efficiency, they also face a new challenge that requires high standards of network protection and harsh working conditions and environments. In this paper, we discuss the significance of communication networks in several potential military applications, particularly for warfare, training/drilling, logistics, and special mission-specific stations. We present the communication trends adopted in military applications. Then, we open up various 5GB key performance indexes and their use cases for the military communication systems. We also elaborate on unique challenges of the military communication networks that are unlikely to be resolved via commercial 5GB research. The various 5GB enabling technologies for military communication systems are discussed. Lastly, we present and analyze 5GB new radio for the private military communication under C-band.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bajracharya, Rojeena, et al.
(author)
-
Bandit Approach for Fair and Efficient Coexistence of NR-U in Unlicensed Bands
- 2023
-
In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0018-9545 .- 1939-9359. ; 72:4, s. 5208-5223
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- New radio in unlicensed spectrum (NR-U) is an evolutionary extension of the existing unlicensed spectrum technologies, which allows New radio (NR) to operate in the shared and unlicensed frequency bands. However, in such bands, NR-U should coexist with other radio access technologies (RATs) in a commonly shared spectrum. As various RATs possess dissimilar physical and link-layer configurations, NR-U should comply with the requirements for harmonious coexistence with them. For this reason, the majority of the existing studies on NR-U are focused on fair coexistence. In contrast, the efforts on attaining efficiency of the spectrum and fairness concurrently have gained comparatively few interests as they exhibit an adverse feature. Motivated by this limitation, we propose an algorithm called Thompson's sampling-based online gradient ascent (TS-OGA), which jointly considers the fairness between NR-U and incumbents and, at the same time, the efficiency via pertinent idle period adjustment of the incumbents in the operating channel. Because NR-U deals with the two conflicting and competing objectives (i.e., fairness and efficiency), we model it as a multi-objective multi-armed bandit problem using the Generalized Gini Index aggregation function (GGAF). In the proposed scheme, TS-OGA, a Thompson's sampling (TS) policy is employed together with the online gradient ascent to address the multi-objective optimization problem. Through simulation results, we show that TS-OGA can significantly enhance overall channel throughput, while maintaining fairness. Further, TS-OGA provides the best performance compared to three different baseline algorithms such as greedy, upper confidence bound, and pure TS.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bajracharya, Rojeena, et al.
(author)
-
Neutral Host Technology : The Future of Mobile Network Operators
- 2022
-
In: IEEE Access. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 2169-3536. ; 10, s. 99221-99234
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The neutral host network (NHN) is a new self-contained network envisioned by fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks, which offers wireless connection to its subscribers from a variety of service providers, including both conventional mobile network operators and non-conventional service providers. The NHN infrastructure, which is operated and maintained by a third neutral party, is rented or leased to network operators looking to scale up their network capacities and coverage in a cost-effective way. This paper highlights NHN as an emerging communication technology for private networks and discuss its opportunities and challenges in realizing multi-tenanted space such as factory, hospitals, stadiums, and universities. The paper also investigates the current state of the art in NHN and elaborates on the underlying enabling technologies for the NHN. Lastly, an efficient radio access network (RAN) slicing scheme based on the multi-arm bandit approach has been proposed to allocate radio resources to various slices, which maximizes resource utilization while guaranteeing the availability of resources to meet the capacity needs of each multi-tenanted operator. The simulation results show that the proposed Thompson's sampling (TS)-based approach performs best in finding the optimal RAN slice for all the operators.
|
|
| 5. |
- Shrestha, Rakesh, et al.
(author)
-
6G Network for Connecting CPS and Industrial IoT (IIoT) : Chapter 2
- 2023
-
In: Cyber-Physical Systems for Industrial Transformation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003262527
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The IoT comprises billions of intelligent devices that interact, gather, and share data via sensors and actuators. The Industrial IoT (IIoT), specifically used in industry and production, is used in automation and rapid production of goods based on machine learning techniques. Similarly, Cyber-Physical System (CPS) plays a vital role in the next-generation industry. The CPSs are intelligent systems that interconnect the physical world through embedded systems, sensors, actuators with the cyberworld. We require a communication backbone for interconnecting and information processing, which 6G networks can fulfill. The 6G has a higher capacity and improved characteristics than previous cellular networks, accelerating the applications and deployments of 6G-based IIoT networks in industry platforms. This chapter discusses how the 6G networks can help interconnect the CPS and IIoT through smart connection, digital twinning, and immersive technology.
|
|
| 6. |
- Shrestha, Rakesh, et al.
(author)
-
Adaptive software platform architecture for aerial vehicle safety levels in real-world applications
- 2023
-
In: Advances in Computers. - : Academic Press Inc.. - 0065-2458.
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Urban cities have congested with vehicles, resulting in traffic jams, and a lot of time and energy will be wasted while traveling. In the near future, low-altitude aerial vehicles are expected to be implemented for air traffic as a resolution to overcome these issues. Due to the threats to commercial aircraft as well as danger to the public and objects on the ground, these low-altitude aerial vehicles should exhibit an equivalent level of safety similar to commercial aircraft. We propose a new safety level for low-altitude electric propeller-based compact aerial vehicles. The safety level of Aerial Vehicles is based on the concept of civil aviation safety levels and automotive safety levels, and we incorporate the appropriate safety characteristics from both automotive safety integrity levels and aviation safety levels. We also discussed adjusting the aerial vehicle safety levels with NASA's Technical Capability Levels (TCL), which helps design an Electrical and Electronics (E/E) architecture for the aerial vehicles. We presented a new conceptual E/E architecture for the aerial vehicles based on adjusted technical capabilities levels and aerial vehicle safety levels to provide functional safety for the aerial vehicle. We also discuss the adaptive software platform based on virtualization, which partitions the time-critical operating system of aerial vehicles to host several applications of different software levels on the same hardware.
|
|
| 7. |
- Shrestha, Rakesh, et al.
(author)
-
AI Accelerators for Cloud and Server Applications
- 2023
-
In: <em>Artificial Intelligence and Hardware Accelerators</em>. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783031221705 ; , s. 95-125
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- AI accelerator is a specialized hardware processing unit that provides high throughput, lower latency, and higher energy efficiency compared to existing server-based processors available in the market. Some AI accelerators are NPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC. As compared to other accelerators, ASICs are much more efficient technology as they consume very low power and can be readily customized for specific activities. The AI accelerators can be used in cloud servers as well as at the edge devices. Nowadays, the cloud provides an ideal environment for Machine Learning as it gathers a massive amount of data from various sources. At the same time, edge computing or in-device computing is the ideal option for inference that requires quick output. AI accelerator architecture is necessary for advanced data centers to address the ever-increasing demands of processing and handling massive datasets workloads such as machine vision, deep learning, AI, etc. Moreover, it is necessary to consider the servers’ power consumed and the data center’s power budget while designing the AI accelerators. This chapter discusses various AI accelerators in the cloud, data centers, servers, and edge computing. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),
|
|
