| 1. |
- Fearon, Kenneth, et al.
(author)
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Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus.
- 2011
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In: The lancet oncology. - 1474-5488. ; 12:5, s. 489-95
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To develop a framework for the definition and classification of cancer cachexia a panel of experts participated in a formal consensus process, including focus groups and two Delphi rounds. Cancer cachexia was defined as a multifactorial syndrome defined by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass (with or without loss of fat mass) that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment. Its pathophysiology is characterised by a negative protein and energy balance driven by a variable combination of reduced food intake and abnormal metabolism. The agreed diagnostic criterion for cachexia was weight loss greater than 5%, or weight loss greater than 2% in individuals already showing depletion according to current bodyweight and height (body-mass index [BMI] <20 kg/m(2)) or skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia). An agreement was made that the cachexia syndrome can develop progressively through various stages--precachexia to cachexia to refractory cachexia. Severity can be classified according to degree of depletion of energy stores and body protein (BMI) in combination with degree of ongoing weight loss. Assessment for classification and clinical management should include the following domains: anorexia or reduced food intake, catabolic drive, muscle mass and strength, functional and psychosocial impairment. Consensus exists on a framework for the definition and classification of cancer cachexia. After validation, this should aid clinical trial design, development of practice guidelines, and, eventually, routine clinical management.
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| 2. |
- Martin, Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Diagnostic Criteria for the Classification of Cancer-Associated Weight Loss.
- 2015
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In: Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - 1527-7755. ; 33:1, s. 90-99
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Existing definitions of clinically important weight loss (WL) in patients with cancer are unclear and heterogeneous and do not consider current trends toward obesity.
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| 3. |
- Morley, John E., et al.
(author)
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Sarcopenia With Limited Mobility : An International Consensus
- 2011
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In: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. - : Elsevier BV. - 1525-8610 .- 1538-9375. ; 12:6, s. 403-409
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A consensus conference convened by the Society of Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders has concluded that "Sarcopenia, le, reduced muscle mass, with limited mobility" should be considered an important clinical entity and that most older persons should be screened for this condition. "Sarcopenia with limited mobility" is defined as a person with muscle loss whose walking speed is equal to or less than 1 m/s or who walks less than 400 m during a 6-minute walk, and who has a lean appendicular mass corrected for height squared of 2 standard deviations or more below the mean of healthy persons between 20 and 30 years of age of the same ethnic group. The limitation in mobility should not clearly be a result of otherwise defined specific diseases of muscle, peripheral vascular disease with intermittent claudication, central and peripheral nervous system disorders, or cachexia. Clinically significant interventions are defined as an increase in the 6-minute walk of at least 50 meters or an increase of walking speed of at least 0.1 m/s.
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| 4. |
- Purcell, Sarah A, et al.
(author)
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Determinants of change in resting energy expenditure in patients with stage III/IV colorectal cancer.
- 2020
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In: Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-5614. ; 39:1, s. 134-40
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Resting energy expenditure (REE) is variable in cancer and might be influenced by changes in tumor burden, systemic inflammation, and body composition. The objective of this study was to assess REE change and the predictors of such in patients with stage III or IV colorectal cancer.REE was measured via indirect calorimetry and fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry as part of a unique analysis of two studies. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured as an inflammatory marker. Linear regression was used to assess the determinants of REE at baseline and REE change, with days between baseline and follow-up measures included as a covariate.One-hundred and nine patients were included at baseline (59.6% male; 67±12 years; body mass index 24.1±4.3kg/m2); 49 had follow-up data (61.2% male; 65±12 years; body mass index 25.4±4.3kg/m2), with median follow-up of 119 days (interquartile range: 113-127 days). At baseline, age, FFM, and CRP explained 68.9% of the variability in REE. A wide variability in REE change over time was observed, ranging from-156 to 370kcal/day, or-13.0 to 15.7%/100 days. CRP change (1.7±0.4mg/L, p<0.001) and stage (81.3±38.7, p=0.042) predicted REE change in multivariate analysis, controlling for age, FFM change, and days between visits (R2: 0.417±88.2, p<0.001).Age, FFM, and CRP predicted REE at a single time point. REE change was highly variable and explained by inflammation and stage. Future research should investigate the validity and feasibility of incorporating these measures into energy needs recommendations.
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