| 1. |
- Behi, H., et al.
(författare)
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A new concept of thermal management system in Li-ion battery using air cooling and heat pipe for electric vehicles
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 1359-4311 .- 1873-5606. ; 174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the concept of a hybrid thermal management system (TMS), including air cooling and heat pipe for electric vehicles (EVs). Mathematical and thermal models are described to predict the thermal behavior of a battery module consisting of 24 cylindrical cells. Details of various thermal management techniques, especially natural air cooling and forced-air cooling TMS are discussed and compared. Moreover, several optimizations comprising the effect of cell spacing, air velocity, different ambient temperatures, and adding a heat pipe with copper sheets (HPCS) are proposed. The mathematical models are solved by COMSOL Multiphysics®, the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The simulation results are validated against experimental data indicating that the proposed cooling method is robust to optimize the TMS with HPCS, which provides guidelines for further design optimization for similar systems. Results indicate that the maximum module temperature for the cooling strategy using forced-air cooling, heat pipe, and HPCS reaches 42.4 °C, 37.5 °C, and 37.1 °C which can reduce the module temperature compared with natural air cooling by up to 34.5%, 42.1%, and 42.7% respectively. Furthermore, there is 39.2%, 66.5%, and 73.4% improvement in the temperature uniformity of the battery module for forced-air cooling, heat pipe, and HPCS respectively.
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| 2. |
- Behi, Hamidreza, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancement of the Thermal Energy Storage Using Heat-Pipe-Assisted Phase Change Material
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 14:19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Usage of phase change materials' (PCMs) latent heat has been investigated as a promising method for thermal energy storage applications. However, one of the most common disadvantages of using latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is the low thermal conductivity of PCMs. This issue affects the rate of energy storage (charging/discharging) in PCMs. Many researchers have proposed different methods to cope with this problem in thermal energy storage. In this paper, a tubular heat pipe as a super heat conductor to increase the charging/discharging rate was investigated. The temperature of PCM, liquid fraction observations, and charging and discharging rates are reported. Heat pipe effectiveness was defined and used to quantify the relative performance of heat pipe-assisted PCM storage systems. Both experimental and numerical investigations were performed to determine the efficiency of the system in thermal storage enhancement. The proposed system in the charging/discharging process significantly improved the energy transfer between a water bath and the PCM in the working temperature range of 50 & DEG;C to 70 & DEG;C.
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| 3. |
- Behi, Hamidreza, et al.
(författare)
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Heat pipe air-cooled thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries : High power applications
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311 .- 1873-5606. ; 183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal management of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) is important due to extreme heat generation during fast charging/discharging. In the current study, a sandwiched configuration of the heat pipes cooling system (SHCS) is suggested for the high current discharging of lithium-titanate (LTO) battery cell. The temperature of the LTO cell is experimentally evaluated in the 8C discharging rate by different cooling strategies. Results indicate that the maximum cell temperature in natural convection reaches 56.8 degrees C. In addition, maximum cell temperature embedded with SCHS for the cooling strategy using natural convection, forced convection for SHCS, and forced convection for cell and SHCS reach 49 degrees C, 38.8 degrees C, and 37.8 degrees C which can reduce the cell temperature by up to 13.7%, 31.6%, and 33.4% respectively. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model using COMSOL Multiphysics (R) is developed and comprehensively validated with experimental results. This model is then employed to investigate the thermal performance of the SHCS under different transient boundary conditions.
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| 4. |
- Behi, Hamidreza, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of PCM-assisted heat pipe for electronic cooling
- 2017
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311 .- 1873-5606. ; 127, s. 1132-1142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, higher-power computer chips are available, but they generate too much heat that irreparably damages inside components. In this paper, a horizontal phase change material (PCM)-assisted heat pipe system for electronic cooling was introduced as a potential solution to this problem. A computational fluid dynamic model was developed and validated to assist the investigation. A surface temperature profile along the heat pipe was used to validate the CFD model. The liquid fraction and temperature distribution of PCM were reported during the charging process at different input powers. It was found that the PCM-assisted heat pipe provided up to 86.7% of the required cooling load in the working power range of 50-80 W. Contribution of PCM was calculated to be 11.7% of the provided cooling load and preventing heat dissipation.
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| 5. |
- Behi, Hamidreza, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal management analysis using heat pipe in the high current discharging of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal management system (TMS) for commonly used lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is an essential requirement in electric vehicle operation due to the excessive heat generation of these batteries during fast charging/discharging. In the current study, a thermal model of lithium-titanate (LTO) cell and three cooling strategies comprising natural air cooling, forced fluid cooling, and a flat heat pipe-assisted method is proposed experimentally. A new thermal analysis of the single battery cell is conducted to identify the most critical zone of the cell in terms of heat generation. This analysis allowed us to maximize heat dissipation with only one heat pipe mounted on the vital region. For further evaluation of the proposed strategies, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is built in COMSOL Multiphysics® and validated with surface temperature profile along the heat pipe and cell. For real applications, a numerical optimization computation is also conducted in the module level to investigate the cooling capacity of the liquid cooling system and liquid cooling system embedded heat pipe (LCHP). The results show that the single heat pipe provided up to 29.1% of the required cooling load in the 8C discharging rate. Moreover, in the module level, the liquid cooling system and LCHP show better performance compared with natural air cooling while reducing the module temperature by 29.9% and 32.6%, respectively.
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| 6. |
- Behi, Hamidreza, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal Management of the Li-Ion Batteries to Improve the Performance of the Electric Vehicles Applications
- 2022
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Ingår i: Modern Automotive Electrical Systems. - : Wiley. ; , s. 149-191
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent decades, clean energy has been introduced as an alternative energy source. In this respect, the automobile sector, one of the world’s most prominent industries, has significantly contributed to the problem. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are among the most acceptable power sources for the automobile sector. Li-ion batteries benefit from high energy storage density, high cycle lifetime, and minimal self-discharge. Despite this, Li-ion batteries generate a significant amount of heat during the charge/discharge process due to chemical reactions and ohmic resistance. At the same time, Li-ion battery lifespan, efficiency, and safety are all influenced by temperature and temperature uniformity, which has become a significant factor affecting Li-ion battery performance. According to the studies, the suitable operating temperature for Li-ion batteries is slightly from about 25 to 40 °C, with a maximum temperature variance of less than 5 °C between cells and modules. Consequently, designing a capable battery thermal management system (BTMS) has become a fundamental challenge in the automotive industry to control and remove the generated heat by the cells from the safety and reliability evaluation. In addition, investigating the different thermal management systems (TMSs), their advantages, and disadvantages are critical in the automotive study. Therefore, a variation of active, passive, and hybrid cooling systems have been developed during the past decade to reach the heat-dissipation necessity for Li-ion batteries. The following chapter presents a comprehensive review of different cooling methods for battery thermal management at the cell, module, and pack levels. The chapter is organised as follows. Section 4.2 represents the objective of the research. Section 4.3 presents electric vehicle (EV) trend. Section 4.4, presents the different TMSs of the Li-ion batteries. The lifetime performance of Li-ion batteries is described in Section 4.5. The fundamental aspects of safety and reliability evaluation of EVs are investigated in Section 4.6. Lastly, a relevant conclusion is drawn in Section 4.7.
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| 7. |
- Behi, Mohammadreza, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a novel solar driven sorption cooling/heating system integrated with PCM storage compartment
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 164, s. 449-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently the interest in solar thermal cooling has been growing for Air Conditioning (AC) applications. This paper presents an applied experimental and numerical evaluation of a novel triple-state sorption solar cooling module. The performance of a LiCl-H2O based sorption module (SM) for cooling/heating system with integration of an external energy storage has been evaluated. The dynamic behavior of the SM, which can be driven by solar energy, is presented. Two PCM assisted configurations of the SM have been studied herein; (i) PCM assisted sorption module for cooling applications (ii) PCM assisted sorption module for heating applications. Initially, an experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the charging/discharging process of the SM without external energy storage. Secondly, the initial experimental configuration was modeled with a PCM integrated storage compartment. The PCM storage compartment was connected to the Condenser/Evaporator (C/E) of the SM. The temporal history of the sorption module's C/E and PCM storage, the cyclic and average performance in terms of cooling/heating capacity, cooling/heating COP, and the total efficiency were experimentally and numerically investigated. Furthermore, PCM charging/discharging power rate and solidification/melting process of the PCM in the integrated storage compartment to the SM were predicted by the model.
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| 8. |
- Behi, Mohammadreza, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and numerical investigation on hydrothermal performance of nanofluids in micro-tubes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanoscale solid particles suspended in a base liquid are a new class of nano-engineered colloidal suspension, defined with a coined name of nanofluids (NFs). The effect of dispersing nanoparticles (NPs) on the hydraulic and thermal (hydrothermal) performance of the conventional coolants is a matter of importance in many applications. This work experimentally and numerically presents the effect of different parameters, including the concentration and size of the NPs, on two primary parameters, namely heat transfer coefficient and friction factor in a microtube. The numerical modeling of colloidal suspensions was conducted based on single-phase as well as Eulerian-Mixture two-phase approaches and showed a good agreement with experimental results. The numerical results displayed that the suspended NPs remarkably increased the convective heat transfer coefficient as well as friction factor by as much as 42% and 22% (in NP concentration range of 1%–9%, and NP size range of 13–130 nm and Reynolds number of 400) respectively. Besides, two new correlations were developed based on the results obtained from experimentally validated models to predict the hydrothermal response of NFs in the laminar regime. Moreover, correlations were successfully created to predict the Nusselt number and friction factor of nanofluids, with ±8% and ±5% agreement between numerical data and predictions, respectively.
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| 9. |
- Gandoman, Foad H., et al.
(författare)
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Reliability evaluation of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles applications from the thermal perspectives
- 2020
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Ingår i: Uncertainties in Modern Power Systems. - : Elsevier BV. ; , s. 563-587
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electric vehicles (EVs) are the most capable technologies replacing the internal combustion engine in the transport system over the past few decades [1]. The battery is a source of energy that combines two or more cells where electrochemical reactions occur to provide power to the EVs. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are one of the most significant power sources because of their advantages, including high-energy storage density, long-cyclic life span, and low self-discharge [2,3]. However, Li-ion batteries due to chemical reactions and ohmic resistance in the process of charge/discharge generate a considerable amount of heat that may cause problems such as overheating, swelling, and even explosion [4,5]. Therefore, designing an efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) has become a significant challenge in EVs to control and remove the generated heat by the cells from the reliability evaluation of the Li-ion batteries' points of view. The main properties of any BTMS comprise low manufacturing cost, simple layout requirements, high reliability, small in size and rigid, inexpensive, low weight, and no harmful gas emission [6]. Many cooling systems are applied in EVs using different active and passive cooling technologies. Active cooling systems, including forced air cooling and liquid cooling, need an external source of energy [7].
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| 10. |
- Behi, Mohammadreza, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoassembled Peptide Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Matrilysin Cancer Biomarker
- 2020
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Ingår i: Small. - : Wiley. - 1613-6810 .- 1613-6829. ; 16:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early detection of cancer is likely to be one of the most effective means of reducing the cancer mortality rate. Hence, simple and ultra-quick methods for noninvasive detection of early-stage tumors are highly sought-after. In this study, a nanobiosensing platform with a rapid response time of nearly 30 s is introduced for the detection of matrilysin—the salivary gland cancer biomarker—with a limit of detection as low as 30 nm. This sensing platform is based on matrilysin-digestible peptides that bridge gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) cores (≈30–50 nm) and carbon quantum dot (CDs) satellites (≈9 nm). A stepwise synthesis procedure is used for self-assembly of AuNP-peptide-CDs, ensuring their long-term stability. The AuNP-peptide-CDs produce ideal optical signals, with noticeable fluorescence quenching effects. Upon peptide cleavage by matrilysin, CDs leave the surface of AuNPs, resulting in ultra-fast detectable violet and visible fluorescent signals.
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