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| 2. |
- Gao, Zhan, 1981-
(author)
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Advanced Functional Materials for Intermediate-Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cells
- 2011
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Low to intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC, 500 oC-700 oC) based on doped ceria (DCO) electrolyte has attracted much attention during the last decade. However, DCO suffers from electronic conduction caused byreduction of Ce (IV) to Ce (III) at high temperatures and low oxygen partial pressures and has a high grain-boundary resistivity. Co-doping has been chosen as the focus of this PhD study to investigate the feasibility of overcoming these technical problems. For different purposes, two co-doping strategies have been implemented to improve the properties of the singly doped ceria. Sr addition has been used with the aim of enhancing the ionic conductivity of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ. The Sr addition greatly improves the microstructure of the space charge layers and the space charge potentials. The total conductivity of Sm and Sr co-doped ceria is higher than that of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9, and Ce0.8(Sm0.7Sr0.3)0.2O2-δ has the highest total conductivity. Sm and Lu co-doped ceria with composition of Ce1-x(Sm3Lu2)x/5O2-δ was investigated to validate the concept of critical dopant ionic radius. The elastic strain and critical dopant ionic radius may have an immediate effect on the grain bulk ionic conduction characteristics. As the basis of the ceramic electrolyte processing, the effect of the powder synthesis routes, including Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-assisted sol-gel process,Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-assisted sol-gel process, citrate sol-gel process and oxalate co-precipitation process (OCP), on the microstructure and the ionic conductivity of the Ce0.85Sm0.075Nd0.075O2-δ (SNDC) electrolyte has beeninvestigated. OCP process results in higher relative density and ionic conductivity, lower grain-boundary resistance and activation energy. Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ (SSC) cathode was investigated for SOFCs based on Ce0.85Sm0.075Nd0.075O2-δ (SNDC) electrolyte. Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on porous SSC cathode was investigated by AC impedance spectra. Finally, novel BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3-δ (BZCYO)-Ce0.8Y0.2O2-δ (YDC) composite ceramic electrolyte having both proton and oxygen ion conduction was studied. The composite ceramic electrolyte shows an enhanced ionic conductivity and chemical stability against reduction.
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| 3. |
- Gao, Zhan, et al.
(author)
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Comparative study of Ce(0.85)Sm(0.075)Nd(0.075)O(2-delta) electrolyte synthesized by different routes
- 2011
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In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 509:35, s. 8720-8727
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work, four different methods, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-assisted sol-gel process, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-assisted sol-gel process, citrate sol-gel process and oxalate coprecipitation process (OCP) are employed to synthesize the Sm and Nd co-doped ceria electrolyte with the composition of Ce(0.85)Sm(0.075)Nd(0.075)O(2-delta) (SNDC). The phase structure of the powders can be well indexed with the fluorite-type CeO(2) structure. The morphology of sintered samples indicates that the ceramics can be highly densified. The relative density and the average grain size vary with the synthesis processes and the sintering temperatures. The bulk conductivities are quite close and the OCP-SNDC yields highest grain-boundary conductivities and total conductivities. The results indicate that the OCP process for the powder synthesis results in higher relative density and conductivities, lower grain-boundary resistance and activation energy. Grain-boundary space charge potentials for different specimens are calculated based on the Mott-Schottky model. The synthesis process and sintering temperature have significant effect on the space charge potential and the specific grain-boundary conductivity. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Gao, Zhan, et al.
(author)
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Electrical properties of ceria co-doped with Sm3+ and Lu3+electrolyte materials
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sm and Lu co-doped ceria with compositions of Ce1-x(Sm3Lu2)x/5O2-δ (SLDC, x=0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) are investigated to validate the concept of critical dopant ionic radius ( rc ), where the number-average dopant ionic radius is designed tomatch the critical dopant ionic radius ( c r ). A variety of techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the SLDC powders and the sintered pellets. Electrical properties of different specimens are investigated by using the impedance spectroscopy. The result sdemonstrated that the critical dopant ionic radius concept is not totally valid for Sm-Lu co-doping strategy, even that the co-doping with appropriate chemicalcomposition, Ce0.85(Sm3Lu2)0.03O2-δ, yields higher total conductivity than either Smor Lu-doped ceria. More co-doping strategies need to be studied to test the critical dopant ionic radius concept.
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| 5. |
- Gao, Zhan, et al.
(author)
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Enhanced ionic conductivity of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-delta by Sr addition
- 2012
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In: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 208, s. 225-231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sm and Sr co-doped ceria-based electrolyte with compositions of Ce-0.8(Sm1-xSrx)(0.2)O2-delta (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) are synthesized and investigated with the aim of improving the electrical properties of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-delta. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscope (SEM and TEM) techniques are employed to characterize the microstructure of powders and sintered pellets. The ionic conductivity has been examined by the A.C. impedance spectroscopy in air. The Ce-0.8(Sm0.7Sr0.3)(0.2)O2-delta exhibits the highest bulk conductivity among the series, which can be mainly ascribed to the increase of oxygen vacancy concentration. The specific grain-boundary conductivities are observed to increase with the Sr doping content up to x = 0.5. Further increase in Sr concentration will lead to reduced specific grain-boundary conductivities. The total conductivities of all Sm and Sr co-doped ceria are higher than that of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9. The results indicate that Sr co-doping opens a new avenue to improve ionic conductivity in Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9.
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| 6. |
- Gao, Zhan, et al.
(author)
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Investigation of oxygen reduction reaction kinetics on Sm(0.5)Sr(0.5)CoO(3-delta) cathode supported on Ce(0.85)Sm(0.075)Nd(0.075)O(2-delta) electrolyte
- 2011
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In: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 196:22, s. 9195-9203
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sm(0.5)Sr(0.5)CoO(3-delta) (SSC) cathode prepared by a glycine-nitrate process (GNP) is investigated for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on Ce(0.85)Sm(0.075)Nd(0.075)O(2-delta) (SNDC) electrolyte. SSC forms cubic perovskite structure after being annealed at 1100 degrees C for 5 h. SSC cathode and SNDC electrolyte can retain their own structure and there is no reaction between the two compositions. The microstructure of the cathode and the interfaces between cathodes and SNDC electrolytes are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after sintering at various temperatures. Impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal that area specific resistances (ASRs) of SSC-SNDC30 cathode are much lower than those of SSC cathode. Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on porous SSC cathode is investigated by analysis of impedance spectra. Medium-frequency conductivities show no dependency on oxygen partial pressure (Po(2)), which can be attributed to the oxygen ions transfer across the electrode/electrolyte interface. The dependencies of low-frequency conductivities on oxygen partial pressure (Po(2)) vary in the range from ca. 0.31 to ca. 0.34 and increase with the increasing temperatures. The low-frequency electrode process is a mixing process involving oxygen reduction reaction related to atomic oxygen and oxygen ions conduction step together with total charge-transfer step. IR-compensated current density (i)-overpotential (eta) relationship is established and the exchange current densities i(0) originated from high-field approximations are much higher than those of low-field approximations and a.c. impedance data under OCV state. It demonstrates the polarization overpotential has great effect on the kinetics of ORR. The polarization current is observed to increase with time in the long-term stability measurement, which can be ascribed to the propagation process of oxygen vacancies.
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| 7. |
- Gao, Zhan, et al.
(author)
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Novel BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3-δ (BZCYO)-Ce0.8Y0.2O2-δ (YDC) composite ceramic electrolyte for low-temperature SOFCs
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Novel BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3-δ (BZCYO)-Ce0.8Y0.2O2-δ (YDC) composite ceramic electrolyte possessing both proton and oxygen ion vacancies conduction was first reported. There are no chemical reactions between the two compositions. The composite ceramic electrolyte shows excellent chemical stability to reduction. BZCYO2-YDC8 exhibits the highest bulk ionic conductivities in the temperature range of 450 oC to 650 oC and total ionic conductivities when the temperatures are higher than 550 oC. The conductivity enhancement mechanism has been discussed. BZCYO-YDC composite ceramics may be promising electrolytes in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.a)
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| 8. |
- Justice, A. E., et al.
(author)
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Genome-wide meta-analysis of 241,258 adults accounting for smoking behaviour identifies novel loci for obesity traits
- 2017
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In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution.
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| 9. |
- Kese, K., et al.
(author)
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Contact residual stress relaxation in soda-lime glass Part I. Measurement using nanoindentation
- 2006
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In: Journal of the European Ceramic Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 0955-2219 .- 1873-619X. ; 26:6, s. 1003-1011
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The contact residual stress field created by a Vickers indentation is a micro-size region of high and varying stresses. Stress relaxation studies in such a micro-region may not be accessible to the conventional methods of investigation. In this paper the elastic response during nanoindentation has been used to study the isothermal stress relaxation of a Vickers residual stress field in soda-lime glass at 540 and 630 degrees C. At each temperature, the stress relaxation profile varied from one location of the stress field to the other suggesting non-linear response to stress. Also, the relaxation profiles at identical positions were different for the two temperatures suggesting that the Vickers residual stress field is not a thermorheologically simple region of material.
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| 10. |
- Kese, Kwadwo, et al.
(author)
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Influence of residual stress on elastic modulus and hardness of soda-lime glass measured by nanoindentation
- 2004
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In: Journal of Materials Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 19:10, s. 3109-3119
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The influence of stress on the elastic modulus E and hardness H in soda-lime glass was studied in the Vickers residual stress field by nanoindentation. The Oliver-Pharr method of analysis first gave higher values of E and H, but after correcting for the pileup contact areas around the nanoindents, results consistent with literature values were obtained at regions in the stress field where the stresses were either low or close to zero. Determination of the pileup contact areas was made possible by the use of the atomic force microscope, which has facility for generating cross-section images of the indents. The elastic modulus was found to decrease with stress, which is explained with reference to the influence of applied stresses on the Si-O-Si bond angle. The hardness on the other hand did not depend on the stresses except in the region very close to the edge of the Vickers indent where the stresses are high.
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