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- Sakamoto, Kazuyuki, et al.
(author)
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Surface electronic structures of the Eu- and Ca-induced so-called Si(111)-(5×1) reconstructions
- 2006
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In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 74:23, s. 235311-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have investigated the electronic structures of the so-called Eu- and Ca-induced Si(111)-(5×1) surfaces by using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The LEED patterns of these surfaces indicate that the periodicities of both surfaces are actually (5×4). In the ARPES study, seven surface states were observed on each (5×4) reconstruction. Of these surface states, the dispersions of five of them show good agreement with those of the Eu- and Ca-induced (3×2) honeycomb-chain-channel (HCC) surfaces and the dispersions of the two other states agree well with those of the Eu- and Ca-induced (2×1) Seiwatz surfaces along the [1̅ 10] direction—i.e., the direction parallel to the adsorbate chain. Taking the dispersion behavior of these surface states into account, we conclude that the interaction between the nearest-neighbor HCC chain and Seiwatz chain is quite small and that the electronic structure of one chain hardly affects the electronic structure of its neighboring chain. We also discuss the atomic structure of the Eu- and Ca-induced Si(111)-(5×1) reconstructions based on their electronic structures.
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- Hoorn, C., et al.
(author)
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Origins of Biodiversity Response
- 2011
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 331:6016, s. 399-400
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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- Shoory, Abdolhamid, et al.
(author)
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Validity of Simplified Approaches for the Evaluation of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields Above a Horizontally Stratified Ground
- 2010
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In: IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility (Print). - 0018-9375 .- 1558-187X. ; 52:3, s. 657-663
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We review in this paper simplified analytical expressions derived by Wait using the concept of attenuation function for the analysis of the propagation of lightning radiated electromagnetic fields over a horizontally stratified ground. Considerations regarding the use of these formulations as well as their domain of applicability are given. For the case, where the upper ground layer has a lower conductivity than the lower layer, the magnitude of the attenuation function can take values greater than unity. Time-domain waveforms of the vertical electric field along a horizontally stratified ground, obtained using the simplified formulations feature, an oscillatory behavior in their early-time response. The peak value of the field is also found to be larger than that corresponding to the case of a perfect ground. The accuracy of the Wait's formulations is examined taking as reference full-wave simulations obtained using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) technique. FDTD simulations confirm the oscillatory waveform of the far field above a horizontally stratified ground (with an upper layer characterized by a lower conductivity than that of the lower layer), as well as the enhancement of the field peak compared to the case of a homogeneous, perfectly conducting ground.
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- Suo, Chen
(author)
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Statistical methods for the detection, analyses and integration of biomarkers in the human genome and transcriptome
- 2014
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Most human diseases have been shown to have a genetic basis that is linked to regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. In the central dogma of biology, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transcribed to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), and then translated into proteins; dysfunction in any of these processes may contribute to the development of disease. Sources of such potential irregularities include, but not limited to, the following: point mutations in DNA sequences, copy number alterations (CNAs) and abnormal mRNA and microRNAs (miRNAs) expression. MiRNAs are a type of non-coding RNA that inhibit the transcription and/or translation of specific target mRNAs. Current technologies allow the identification of biomarkers and study of the complex interplay between DNA, mRNA, miRNA and phenotypic variation. This thesis aims to tackle the statistical challenges that have arisen with the application of these technologies to investigate various genomic and transcriptomic alterations. In study I, modified least-variant set normalization for miRNA microarray, a new algorithm and software were developed for microRNA array data normalization. The algorithm selects miRNAs with the least array-to-array variation as the reference set for normalization. The selection process was refined by accounting for the considerable differences in variances between probes. Data are provided to show that this algorithm results in better operating characteristics than other methods. In study II, joint estimation of isoform expression and isoform-specific read distribution using multi-sample RNA-Seq data, a joint model and software were developed to estimate isoform-specific read distribution and gene isoform expression, using RNA-sequencing data from multiple samples. Observation of similarities in the shape of the read distributions solves the problem that the non-uniform read intensity pattern is not identifiable from the data provided by one sample. In study III, integrated molecular portrait of non-small cell lung cancers, molecular markers at the DNA, mRNA and miRNA level that can distinguish between different histopathological subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer were identified. Additionally, using integrated genomic data including CNAs and mRNA and miRNA expression data, three potential driver genes were identified in non-small cell lung cancer, namely MRPS22, NDRG1 and RNF7. Furthermore, a potential driver miRNA, hsa-miR-944, was identified. In study IV, integration of somatic mutation, expression and functional data reveals potential driver genes predictive of breast cancer survival. An analytic pipeline to process large-scale whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data was created, and an integrative approach based on network enrichment analyses to combine information across different types of omics data was proposed to identify putative cancer driver genes. Analysis of 60 patients with breast cancer provided evidence that patients carrying more mutated potential driver genes had poorer survival.
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- van Oers, Lauran, et al.
(author)
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Top-down characterization of resource use in LCA : from problem definition of resource use to operational characterization factors for dissipation of elements to the environment
- 2020
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In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer Nature. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502. ; 25:11, s. 2255-2273
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PurposeThe methods for assessing the impact of using abiotic resources in life cycle assessment (LCA) have always been heavily debated. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a common understanding of the problem related to resource use. This article reports the results of an effort to reach such common understanding between different stakeholder groups and the LCA community. For this, a top-down approach was applied.MethodsTo guide the process, a four-level top-down framework was used to (1) demarcate the problem that needs to be assessed, (2) translate this into a modeling concept, (3) derive mathematical equations and fill these with data necessary to calculate the characterization factors, and (4) align the system boundaries and assumptions that are made in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model and the life cycle inventory (LCI) model.ResultsWe started from the following definition of the problem of using resources: the decrease of accessibility on a global level of primary and/or secondary elements over the very long term or short term due to the net result of compromising actions. The system model distinguishes accessible and inaccessible stocks in both the environment and the technosphere. Human actions can compromise the accessible stock through environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use or through exploration. As a basis for impact assessment, we propose two parameters: the global change in accessible stock as a net result of the compromising actions and the global amount of the accessible stock. We propose three impact categories for the use of elements: environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use, with associated characterization equations for two different time horizons. Finally, preliminary characterization factors are derived and applied in a simple illustrative case study for environmental dissipation.ConclusionsDue to data constraints, at this moment, only characterization factors for “dissipation to the environment” over a very-long-term time horizon could be elaborated. The case study shows that the calculation of impact scores might be hampered by insufficient LCI data. Most presently available LCI databases are far from complete in registering the flows necessary to assess the impacts on the accessibility of elements. While applying the framework, various choices are made that could plausibly be made differently. We invite our peers to also use this top-down framework when challenging our choices and elaborate that into a consistent set of choices and assumptions when developing LCIA methods.
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