| 1. |
- Beltrán-Abaunza, José M., 1971-
(författare)
-
Uncertainty measurements and validation of ocean colour data in optically complex waters
- 2013
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis addresses validation activities associated with the use of in situ and satellite-based radiometers to assess water quality parameters, such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), total suspended matter (TSM) and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM- also known as yellow substances, YEL) in CDOM-dominated waters. In paper I, an inter-comparison of in situ radiometers is presented. Here, a new hand-held radiometer, the Water Insight Spectrometer (WISP-3) was tested and evaluated for routine water monitoring against other common radiometers used for validation. The WISP-3 measures the reflectance at the surface, and thus also works in shallow depths. The WISP-3 is designed for validation in places where other radiometers are difficult to deploy. As it is hyperspectral it can be used to develop in-water algorithms for the retrieval of water-quality information. In paper II, satellite data from the 3rd reprocessing archives of the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) sensor on board of ENVISAT is evaluated. MERIS level 2 reflectance and water products are assessed against in situ data. This assessment is required in order to ensure the reliability of monitoring systems based on MERIS data such as the Swedish coastal and lake monitoring system www.vattenkvalitet.se. The evaluation of reflectance data is based on a pair-wise comparison of the standard MEGS processor and three coastal processors that are provided as source free plug-ins for the VISAT BEAM software; all pairs are compared to data measured in situ. The derived water products are evaluated both on a pair-wise comparison of processors as well as on an individual comparison of some processors to sea-truthing data. The studied processors improved the retrievals of MERIS reflectance when used the latest MERIS FR 3rd reprocessing, equalized and “smile” corrected and a land adjacency effects were corrected using the improved contrast between ocean and land (ICOL). The blue spectral bands remain problematic for all processors. Chlorophyll was retrieved best using FUB with an overestimation between 18% - 26.5% (MNB) dependent on the compared pairs. At low chlorophyll < 2.5 mg m-3, random errors dominates the retrievals of MEGS. MEGS showed lower bias and random errors when deriving suspended particulate matter (SPM) with an overestimation in the range 8-16% (MNB). All processors failed to retrieve CDOM correctly, but FUB could at least resolve variations in CDOM, however with a systematic underestimation that may be corrected for by using a local correction factor . MEGS has shown already potential to be used as operational processor in the Himmerfjärden bay and adjacent areas, but it requires further improvement of the atmospheric correction for the blue bands and better definition at relatively low chlorophyll concentrations in presence of CDOM.
|
|
| 2. |
- Ekeroth, Nils
(författare)
-
On benthic fluxes of phosphorus in the Baltic Sea proper – drivers and estimates
- 2012
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Thesis focuses on the exchange of phosphorus (P) across the sediment–water interface in the Baltic Sea proper, with particular attention to the influence of bioturbating macrofauna and benthic redox conditions. Benthic P fluxes have major influence on P availability in the water column, which in turn regulates growth conditions for dinitrogen fixating cyanobacteria in the Baltic proper. Presently, a very large area of bottom sediment is overlain by oxygen depleted bottom water and is therefore devoid of aerobic organisms.In paper I, anoxic sediment from the Western Gotland Basin was oxygenated and exposed to bioturbation by three macrofauna species in a laboratory experiment. The experimental design allowed for detailed studies of how bioturbating animals influence the P fluxes on a species-specific level. All species (Monoporeia affinis, Mysis mixta, and Macoma balthica) mobilised dissolved organic P from the bottom sediment to the supernatant water. Also, particulate P was released by the two former species. None of these P fractions showed any mobility in control sections of the aquarium system. These animal-dependent P fluxes are a previously largely overlooked but potentially significant source of bioavailable P in coastal marine areas, such as the Baltic Sea.In paper II, we estimate a contemporary reflux of 146 kton dissolved inorganic P (DIP) from bottom sediments in the Baltic proper. This estimate is based on data from a large number of in situ benthic flux measurements using benthic chamber landers along a depth gradient in the Eastern Gotland Basin. DIP effluxes increased with increasing water depth, and decreasing bottom water oxygen concentrations. Bottom water anoxia was identified as a major driver for the mobilisation of DIP from bottom sediments. During such conditions, the DIP efflux was well correlated to carbon oxidation rate, while on oxic bottoms DIP fluxes were low irrespectively of the carbon oxidation rate. Our data support the hypothesis of a positive feedback loop of self-amplifying eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Thus, both nutrient emission cuts and active mitigation actions to strengthen sedimentary P sinks are warranted for effective remediation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.
|
|
