| 1. |
- Barbieri, Maurizio, et al.
(author)
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Changes in groundwater trace element concentrations before seismic and volcanic activities in Iceland during 2010-2018
- 2021
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 793
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analysed temporal variations of trace element concentrations in groundwater from a 101 m-deep borehole (HA01) in northern Iceland during 2010–2018 and compared them with seismic and volcanic events that occurred in the same period to identify potential hydrogeochemical precursors. An increase of B, Al, V, Li and Mo concentrations started from eight months to one month before the 2014 Bárðarbunga eruption (~115 km from HA01), a major rifting event in central Iceland, while Ga and V concentrations began to increase one day and one month after the onset of the event, respectively. We also found that concentrations of some trace elements (Li, B, Ga, Mo, Sr, Rb and Fe) significantly increased before an Mw 5.0 earthquake that occurred ~80 km from the borehole in 2018. However, other notable hydrogeochemical changes were detected during the monitoring period without apparent correlation with the seismic and volcanic events in the region. This study shows that the systematic long-term hydrogeochemical monitoring in seismic and volcanic areas is critical to advance the science of seismic and eruptive precursors. Furthermore, the use of statistical tools, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Change Point (CP) detection can help identify the most useful chemical elements and validate the trend variability of those elements in the time series, reducing arbitrary choices of pre-seismic and pre-volcanic hydrogeochemical anomalies as potential precursors.
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| 2. |
- Boschetti, Tiziano, et al.
(author)
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Geothermometry and water-rock interaction modelling at Hafralækur : Possible implications of temperature and CO2 on hydrogeochemical changes previously linked to earthquakes in northern Iceland
- 2022
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In: Geothermics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0375-6505 .- 1879-3576. ; 105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The low enthalpy (T < 150 °C) groundwater in the HA01 borehole at Hafralækur has a long time series (2008–2018) of chemical and isotopic data. In the previous studies, the variations in chemical and isotope parameters were statistically related to seismic activity. However, the possible effect of temperature has not yet been evaluated. To fill this gap, the results obtained from the classical geothermometric equations (silica solid phases, Na/K, Na-K-Ca) were compared. However, considering that the use of classical geothermometry using the Na/K ratio or silica solid phases solubility is limited by the presence of clay minerals and alkaline conditions (i.e., the presence of pH-dependant silicate anions), new equilibria reactions between labradorite, zeolites (analcime, stilbite) and the activity of the dissolved species in the fluid are presented to overcome this problem. In addition, kinetic reaction path models are presented to trace the possible role of both temperature and CO2 during the most evident chemical variations during earthquakes.
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