| 1. |
- Brattström, Gudrun
(author)
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Leonardo da Pisa : Inger Christensen och Fibonacci
- 2008
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In: Lyrikvännen. - 0460-0762. ; 55:6, s. 33-38
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Den danska poeten Inger Christensen byggde sin diktsamling Alfabet på Fibonaccis talserie. Artikeln är en kort historisk essä över Fibonacci, och beskriver även hur talserien är konstruerad.
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| 2. |
- Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Centennial-Scale Temperature Change in Last Millennium Simulations and Proxy-Based Reconstructions
- 2019
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In: Journal of Climate. - 0894-8755 .- 1520-0442. ; 32:9, s. 2441-2482
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Systematic comparisons of proxy-based reconstructions and climate model simulations of past millennium temperature variability offer insights into climate sensitivity and feedback mechanisms, besides allowing model evaluation independently from the period covered by instrumental data. Such simulation-reconstruction comparisons can help to distinguish more skillful models from less skillful ones, which may subsequently help to develop more reliable future projections. This study evaluates the low-frequency simulation-reconstruction agreement within the past millennium through assessing the amplitude of temperature change between the Medieval Climate Anomaly (here, 950-1250 CE) and the Little Ice Age (here, 1450-1850 CE) in PMIP3 model simulations compared to proxy-based local and continental-scale reconstructions. The simulations consistently show a smaller temperature change than the reconstructions for most regions in the Northern Hemisphere, but not in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as a partly different spatial pattern. A cost function analysis assesses how well the various simulations agree with reconstructions. Disregarding spatial correlation, significant differences are seen in the agreement with the local temperature reconstructions between groups of models, but insignificant differences are noted when compared to continental-scale reconstructions. This result points toward a limited possibility to rank models by means of their low-frequency temperature variability alone. The systematically lower amplitude of simulated versus reconstructed temperature change indicates either too-small simulated internal variability or that the analyzed models lack some critical forcing or have missing or too-weak feedback mechanisms. We hypothesize that too-cold initial ocean conditions in the models-in combination with too-weak internal variability and slow feedbacks over longer time scales-could account for much of the simulation-reconstruction disagreement.
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| 3. |
- Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate variability over the past twelve centuries
- 2016
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 532:7597, s. 94-98
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Accurate modelling and prediction of the local to continental-scale hydroclimate response to global warming is essential given the strong impact of hydroclimate on ecosystem functioning, crop yields, water resources, and economic security. However, uncertainty in hydroclimate projections remains large, in part due to the short length of instrumental measurements available with which to assess climate models. Here we present a spatial reconstruction of hydroclimate variability over the past twelve centuries across the Northern Hemisphere derived from a network of 196 at least millennium-long proxy records. We use this reconstruction to place recent hydrological changes and future precipitation scenarios in a long-term context of spatially resolved and temporally persistent hydroclimate patterns. We find a larger percentage of land area with relatively wetter conditions in the ninth to eleventh and the twentieth centuries, whereas drier conditions are more widespread between the twelfth and nineteenth centuries. Our reconstruction reveals that prominent seesaw patterns of alternating moisture regimes observed in instrumental data across the Mediterranean, western USA, and China have operated consistently over the past twelve centuries. Using an updated compilation of 128 temperature proxy records, we assess the relationship between the reconstructed centennial-scale Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate and temperature variability. Even though dry and wet conditions occurred over extensive areas under both warm and cold climate regimes, a statistically significant co-variability of hydroclimate and temperature is evident for particular regions. We compare the reconstructed hydroclimate anomalies with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model simulations and find reasonable agreement during pre-industrial times. However, the intensification of the twentieth-century-mean hydroclimate anomalies in the simulations, as compared to previous centuries, is not supported by our new multi-proxy reconstruction. This finding suggests that much work remains before we can model hydroclimate variability accurately, and highlights the importance of using palaeoclimate data to place recent and predicted hydroclimate changes in a millennium-long context.
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| 4. |
- Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries
- 2012
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In: Climate of the Past. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1814-9324 .- 1814-9332. ; 8, s. 227-249
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyse the spatio-temporal patterns of temperature variability over Northern Hemisphere land areas, on centennial time-scales, for the last 12 centuries using an unprecedentedly large network of temperature-sensitive proxy records. Geographically widespread positive temperature anomalies are observed from the 9th to 11th centuries, similar in extent and magnitude to the 20th century mean. A dominance of widespread negative anomalies is observed from the 16th to 18th centuries. Though we find the amplitude and spatial extent of the 20th century warming is within the range of natural variability over the last 12 centuries, we also find that the rate of warming from the 19th to the 20th century is unprecedented in the context of the last 1200 yr. The positive Northern Hemisphere temperature change from the 19th to the 20th century is clearly the largest between any two consecutive centuries in the past 12 centuries. These results remain robust even after removing a significant number of proxies in various tests of robustness showing that the choice of proxies has no particular influence on the overall conclusions of this study.
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| 5. |
- Fetisova, Ekaterina
(author)
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Evaluation of climate model simulations by means of statistical methods
- 2015
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Evaluation of climate model simulations is a key issue within climate research. The statistical framework proposed by Sundberg et al., 2012, provides a theoretical underpinning of methods for evaluation of climate models by use of climateproxy data from the last millennium. In the present work, the statistical framework above is used to suggest several latent factor models of different complexity that can be used for estimating the amplitude of a forcing effect in aclimate model by comparison with the observed/reconstructed climate. The performance of the models is evaluated and compared in a pseudo-proxy experiment, in which the true unobservable temperature series is replaced by selected realizations of a climate simulation model. For different levels of added noise, different conclusions can be drawn. However, for realistic noise levels, we find that the simplest model, the just-identified two-indicator one-factor model, denoted j.i.FA(2,1), is a competitive alternative to models with more complicated structure. Moreover, we discover that the Fieller method of constructing confidence regions, associated with the j.i.FA(2,1)-model, outperforms the Wald confidence interval, which in most cases fails to provide sensible and interpretable conclusions about the climate model under consideration. Last but not least, the results indicate a good performance of the j.i.FA(2,1)-model even in the presence of heteroscedasticity.
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| 6. |
- Fetisova, Ekaterina, 1974-
(author)
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Towards a flexible statistical modelling by latent factors for evaluation of simulated responses to climate forcings
- 2017
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this thesis, using the principles of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the cause-effect concept associated with structural equation modelling (SEM), a new flexible statistical framework for evaluation of climate model simulations against observational data is suggested. The design of the framework also makes it possible to investigate the magnitude of the influence of different forcings on the temperature as well as to investigate a general causal latent structure of temperature data. In terms of the questions of interest, the framework suggested here can be viewed as a natural extension of the statistical approach of 'optimal fingerprinting', employed in many Detection and Attribution (D&A) studies. Its flexibility means that it can be applied under different circumstances concerning such aspects as the availability of simulated data, the number of forcings in question, the climate-relevant properties of these forcings, and the properties of the climate model under study, in particular, those concerning the reconstructions of forcings and their implementation. It should also be added that although the framework involves the near-surface temperature as a climate variable of interest and focuses on the time period covering approximately the last millennium prior to the industrialisation period, the statistical models, included in the framework, can in principle be generalised to any period in the geological past as soon as simulations and proxy data on any continuous climate variable are available. Within the confines of this thesis, performance of some CFA- and SEM-models is evaluated in pseudo-proxy experiments, in which the true unobservable temperature series is replaced by temperature data from a selected climate model simulation. The results indicated that depending on the climate model and the region under consideration, the underlying latent structure of temperature data can be of varying complexity, thereby rendering our statistical framework, serving as a basis for a wide range of CFA- and SEM-models, a powerful and flexible tool. Thanks to these properties, its application ultimately may contribute to an increased confidence in the conclusions about the ability of the climate model in question to simulate observed climate changes.
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| 7. |
- Fetisova, Ekaterina, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Towards a flexible statistical modelling by latent factors for evaluation of simulated responses to climate forcings: Part I
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Evaluation of climate model simulations is a crucial task in climate research. In a work consisting of three parts, we propose a new statistical framework for evaluation of simulated responses to climate forcings, based on the concept of latent (unobservable) factors. Here, in Part I, we suggest several latent factor models of different complexity that can be used for evaluation of temperature data from climate model simulations against climate proxy data from the last millennium. Each factor model is developed for use with data from a single region, which can be of any size. To be able to test the hypotheses of interest, we have applied the technique of confirmatory factor analysis. We also elucidate the link between our factor models and the statistical methods used in Detection and Attribution (D\&A) studies. In particular, we demonstrate that our factor models can be used as an alternative approach to the methods used in D\&A studies. An additional advantage of their use is that they, in contrast to the commonly used D\&A methods, make it, in principle, possible to investigate whether the forcings of interest act additively or if any interaction effects exist.In Part II we investigate and illustrate the expansion of factor models to structural equation models, which permits the statistical modelling of more complicated climatological relationships. The performance of some of our statistical models suggested in Part I and Part is evaluated and compared in a numerical experiment, whose results are presented in Part III.
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| 8. |
- Fetisova, Ekaterina, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Towards a flexible statistical modelling by latent factors for evaluation of simulated responses to climate forcings: Part II
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Evaluation of climate model simulations is a crucial task in climate research. In a work consisting of three parts, we propose a new statistical framework for evaluation of simulated responses to climate forcings, based on the concept of latent (unobservable) variables. In Part I, several latent factor models were suggested for evaluation of temperature data from climate model simulations, forced by a varying number of forcings, against climate proxy data from the last millennium. Here, in Part II, focusing on climatological characteristics of forcings, we deepen the discussion by suggesting two alternative latent variable models that can be used for evaluation of temperature simulations forced by five specific forcings of natural and anthropogenic origin. The first statistical model is formulated in line with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), accompanied by a more detailed discussion about the interpretation of latent temperature responses and their mutual relationships. Introducing further\emph{causal links} between some latent variables, the CFA model is extended to a structural equation model (SEM), which allows us to reflect more complicated climatological relationships with respect to all SEM's variables. Each statistical model is developed for use with data from a single region, which can be of any size. Associated with different hypotheses, the CFA and SEM models can, as a beginning, be fitted to observable simulated data only, which allows us to investigate the underlying latent structure associated with the simulated climate system. Then, the best-fitting model can be fitted to the data with real climate proxy data included, to test the consistency between the latent simulated temperature responses and their real-world counterparts embedded in observations. The performance of both these statistical models and some models suggested in Part I is evaluated and compared in a numerical experiment, whose results are presented in Part III.
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| 9. |
- Fetisova, Ekaterina, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Towards a flexible statistical modelling by latent factors for evaluation of simulated responses to climate forcings: Part III
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Evaluation of climate model simulations is a crucial task in climate research. In a work consisting of three parts, we propose a new statistical framework for evaluation of simulated responses to climate forcings, based on the concept of latent (unobservable) variables. In Part I, several latent factor models were suggested for evaluation of temperature data from climate model simulations, forced by a varying number of forcings, against climate proxy data from the last millennium. In Part II, focusing on climatological characteristics of forcings, we deepen the discussion by suggesting two alternative latent variable models that can be used for evaluation of temperature simulations forced by five specific forcings of natural and anthropogenic origin. The first statistical model is formulated in line with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), accompanied by a more detailed discussion about the interpretation of latent temperature responses and their mutual relationships. Introducing further causal links between some latent variables, the CFA model is extended to a structural equation model (SEM), which allows us to reflect more complicated climatological relationships with respect to all SEM's variables. Each statistical model is developed for use with data from a single region, which can be of any size. Here, in Part III, the performance of both these statistical models and some models suggested in Part I is evaluated and compared in a pseudo-proxy experiment, in which the true unobservable temperature is replaced by temperature data from a selected climate model simulation. The present analysis involves seven regional data sets. Focusing first on the ability of the models to provide an adequate and climatologically defensible description of the unknown underlying structure, we may conclude that given the climate model under consideration, the SEM model in general performed best. As for the factor model, its assumptions turned out to be too restrictive to describe the observed relationships in all but one region. The performance of another factor model, reflecting the assumptions typically made in many D\&A studies, can be characterised as unacceptable due to its high sensitivity to insignificant coefficient estimates. Regarding the fourth statistical model analysed - a factor model with two indicators and one latent factor - it can be recommended to apply it with caution due to its sensitivity to departures from the independence assumptions among the model variables, which can make the interpretation of the latent factor unclear. The conclusions above have been confirmed in some form of a cross-validation study, presuming the availability of several data sets within each region of interest. Importantly, the present pseudo-proxy experiment is performed only for zero noise level, implying that the five SEM models and one factor model await further investigation to fully test their performance for realistic levels of added noise.
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| 10. |
- Gerholm, Verner, 1978-
(author)
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Matematiskt begåvade ungdomars motivation och erfarenheter av utvecklande verksamheter
- 2016
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This licentiate thesis deals with some influencing factors to develop mathematicalabilities among mathematical gifted adolescents. Krutetskii’s structureof the mathematical abilities and Mönks’ triadic model of giftedness isused as a theoretical framework.The thesis consists of two articles with different aims. The first aim is toinvestigate to what extent the students had participated in various mathematicalactivities during their years in school and what impact the students attachto these activities. The second aim was to examine some aspects of the importanceof motivation for the mathematically gifted adolescents.To answer the research questions data was collected with a questionnaireand an interview study of a total of 27 finalists in a national mathematicalcompetition for students in Swedish upper secondary schools.Generally the students were positive about the activities they had participatedin. Specifically acceleration in the subject and mathematical competitionsstand out as particularly significant activities according to the students.The study shows the significance of mathematical activities providing aframework to relate to, which will make the progression more visible for thestudents. Such activities could be mathematical competition problem solvingor acceleration in the subject.The results of the study indicates that intrinsic motivation together withextrinsic motivation with integrated or identified regulation are the most importanttypes of motivation. All students in the study had both intrinsic motivationand some type of extrinsic motivation.
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