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| 2. |
- Bosona, Techane, et al.
(author)
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Animal handling during supply for marketing and operations at an abattoir in developing country: The case of Gudar market and Ambo abattoir, Ethiopia
- 2012
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In: Journal of Service Science and Management. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1940-9893 .- 1940-9907. ; 5, s. 59-68
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the agricultural sector, it is important to appropriately develop livestock resources in of developing countries in order to reduce poverty. The aim of this study was to investigate the animal handling and welfare issues during transport for marketing with special focus on cattle flow to and from Gudar livestock market and activity chain of Ambo abattoir in Ethiopia. Information and data on main feeder markets to Gudar regional market; the main stakeholders in this animal supply chain; number of animals flow to and from Gudar market; the distance and time duration the animals transported; animal handling and welfare concerns during transport and at market site; and activities in Ambo abattoir chain were gathered, interpreted and discussed. The study indicated that the flow of cattle to and from Gudar market was by walk- ing which took up to 4 days or by vehicles which took up to 3 h. There were no appropriate vehicle and loading facili- ties and animal handling conditions were poor. From total number of animals supplied to Gudar market about 7.6% died, 6.9% injured and 2.8% was stolen during transport. During transport from Gudar to final destination by walking, about 16% died and 10.7% was injured. The effect of animal number (p = 0.0498) was slightly significant than the effect of travel distance (p = 0.3487) on the occurrence of incidences such as animal death and injuries, at significance level of 0.05. Lameness and injury to bone, muscle, swelling of leg and sickness were widely observed during transportation by walking. Poor market infrastructures; lack of regional abattoir facilities; difficulties in getting timely market information; and lack of well-organized networks between stakeholders were also identified as existing problems compromising the animal welfare and economic benefits. Therefore, further research works concerning animal welfare during animal flow in the supply chain; and impact of abattoir activities on environment and human and animal health should be conducted. Such studies important to improve the economic benefits gained from livestock resources with positive contribution towards efforts of insuring food security and sustainable development
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| 3. |
- Bosona, Techane, et al.
(author)
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Modeling the dynamic response of camels' heart rate to physical activities
- 2011
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In: Livestock Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1413 .- 1878-0490. ; 142, s. 138-146
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents the result of the study made on the dynamic response of camels' heart rate (HR) under working conditions. The main objective was to develop a simulation model that can describe the dynamic nature of the camels' heart rate response to physical activity i.e. pulling a loaded cart and sledge. The dynamic simulation model was developed using Powersim simulation software.The model verification and validation processes indicated that the model could describe the basic pattern of camels' dynamic heart rate response to physical activity. The coefficient of determination. R(2), was more than or equal to 0.74 for seven of the eight data sets used for model development. This basic profile of the dynamic response of camels heart rate had four parts: resting condition (before activity); transient; steady state; and recovery conditions. The heart rate rose rapidly, maintained steady state and then decreased gradually after the release of load. The statistical test indicated that the difference in animals (p<0.0001), loads (p<0.0001), and loading types (p<0.0006) had significant effect on the HR response of experimental camels. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Bulitta, Sorri Fufa
(author)
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Effects of handling on animals welfare during transport
- 2012
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Transportation is a very complex event which compromises animal welfare and meat quality. Even though important research works have been reported related to animal transport and welfare, many questions are still remaining to be addressed, particularly on the effect of transport time, vibration and climatic conditions. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of handling and transport on animals' welfare. The main methodologies employed comprehensive field measurement to collect data, observations, video filming for behavioural study and modeling. The thesis is structured into 3 papers. Paper I focuses on the modelling the dynamic performance of heart rate during loading for transport. Paper II and III are dealing with vibration and effect of transport on welfare of cattle and pigs' respectively. The model developed to describe the heart rate performances fits and successfully simulates the heart rate. The heart rate increased rapidly from resting value to peak value and then remains under stress, partially under stress or fully (100%) recovered. The speed, road conditions and standing orientations of animals had effect on level of vibrations. In all road types and speeds, standing orientation of animals facing in driving direction generally exposed to higher horizontal and lateral vibrations than animal facing perpendicular to the driving direction. The three common resonance frequencies identified were 1.3, 5.1, and 12.6 Hz in the second peak at 23Hz in vertical direction on tarmac road at the speed of 85km/h. Cortisol concentration level elevated during short transport time and decreased with an increase of transport time. Highest and lowest glucose concentrations for winter and summer were at 8 h and 12 h transport time respectively. Concentrations of lactate and creatine kinase positively correlated with transport time. The pH24 values correlated with transport time during summer. Behaviours such as lying, sitting, rooting, smelling, panting, fighting, restlessness, change of position and vocalization correlated with transport time. The overall conclusion from the study was that transport and handling had significant effects on animal welfare. The model developed described well the dynamic response of heart rate of the animals during loading for transport.
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| 6. |
- Bulitta, Sorri Fufa
(author)
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Effects of handling on animals welfare during transport and marketing
- 2015
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Animals can be transported either by trekking or by vehicle, during which they are subjected to different types and levels of stressor. Some key factors affecting animal welfare during handling and transport are mixing of unfamiliar animals, handling procedures, driving methods, stocking density, journey length, vehicle design, animal standing orientation, loading and unloading facilities and transport by walking. Much important research has been done on animal transport and welfare, but many questions remained to be addressed, particularly regarding the effects of transport time and length, vibration, climate conditions and handling during transport and marketing. This thesis investigated the effects of handling on animal welfare during transport and marketing. The main methods employed were comprehensive field measurements to collect data, observations, video filming for behavioural studies, interviews with animal handlers and heart rate modelling. The results showed that during loading for transport, animal heart rate rose exponentially from its mean resting value to a peak value and declined during a recovery period. Driving speed, road conditions and the standing orientation of animals had an effect on levels of vibration. The three most common resonance frequencies identified were 1.3, 5.1 and 12.6 Hz, with a second peak at 23 Hz in the vertical direction on a tarmac road at a driving speed of 85 km/h. In pig and cattle transport, blood cortisol level was elevated during short transport time. Concentrations of lactate and Creatine kinase and animal behaviour were positively correlated with transport time. During transport of animals by trekking from farm to feeder market and on to regional market in Ethiopia, the number of animals that died, were injured and were stolen was 7.6%, 6.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The overall conclusion from the thesis, based on transport conditions, vibration levels, animal behaviour, stress hormones and pH24 values, was that handling and transport had a negative effect on animal welfare.
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| 7. |
- Bulitta, Sorri Fufa, et al.
(author)
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Modelling the Dynamic Response of Cattle Heart Rate During Loading for Transport
- 2011
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In: Australian Journal of Agricultural Engineering. - 1836-943X. ; 2, s. 66-73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Researchers in animal welfare and transport use heart rate (HR) as an important parameter to describe animal response to emotional and physical stresses. This study examined the dynamic HR response in cows to stress-inducing factors during loading for transport. The simulation model was developed using Powersim software via application of exponential function to describe the pattern of HR signals during loading. The model was tested on HR value data of 18 cattle (11 heifers aged 14-16 months and 7 cows aged 2-3 years) and it described the HR profile well. The mean coefficient of determination, R2, was found to be 0.89 + 0.06. The HR rose exponentially from its mean resting value to a peak value (about 1.9 times the value at resting level) and then declined, during a recovery period, to the post-stress level (about 1.15 times the value at resting level). The mean HR at resting condition, peak, and after recovery were 80+6 bpm, 136+35 bpm and 91+19 bpm for heifers and 47+4 bpm, 102+27 bpm, and 55+12 bpm for cows, respectively. The rate of increase in HR (during rising period) was greater than the rate of decrease during the recovery period. In all HR data sets, it was noticed that HR reduced immediately after it attained the peak value
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| 8. |
- Gebresenbet, Girma, et al.
(author)
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Vibration levels and frequencies on vehicle and animals during transport
- 2011
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In: Biosystems Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1537-5110 .- 1537-5129. ; 110, s. 10-19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During transport, animals are subjected to various stressors, including vibration, noise and poor handling, and these compromise animal welfare. This study determined vibration levels and resonance frequencies for vehicles and dairy cows. A Volvo FM12 with air suspension, driven at 30, 50, 70 or 90 km h1 on three road types, was used for transportation. To study the effect of standing orientation on vibration, animals were positioned parallel or perpendicular to the direction of travel. Vehicle speed was measured with MAGELLAN 315 type GPS. Two vibration sensors were placed on the chassis and floor and. additional sensors were firmly attached to adjustable straps mounted on animals. For each run, measurements were made over a 20 s period on five animals. The highest vibration level observed on animals was 2.27 0.33 m s2 when driving on gravel roads at 70 km h1. Vibrations in the horizontal and lateral directions were lower on animals positioned perpendicular to the direction of travel than on those facing forward. Both road conditions ( p < 0.0002) and standing orientation ( p < 0.002) have a significant effect on vibration levels. Three main resonance frequencies were identified for the vertical direction, at 1.3, 5.1, 12.6 Hz, and at about 23 Hz. The vibration exposure values (8 h transport period) for the vertical, horizontal and lateral directions were 0.61 0.12, 0.92 0.35, and 1 0.21 m s2, respectively. These exceed the EU daily exposure action of 0.5 m s2, but are lower than the daily exposure limit of 1.15 m s2.
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