| 1. |
- Liu, Jinghong, et al.
(author)
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Fire Performance of Ultra-Low Density Fiberboard (ULDF) with Complex Fire-Retardants
- 2016
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In: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 11:4, s. 10261-10272
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To clarify how the fire performance of ultra-low density fiberboard (ULDF) can be improved by complex fire-retardants, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and microstructure of ULDFs with different additive amounts of complex fire-retardants was analyzed. The char yield, chemical bonding, and thermostability of ULDFs treated by different temperatures were also tested. Results showed that the LOI values and compactness of ULDFs were increased with increased amounts of fire-retardants. Three steps of char yield curves in control fiberboard (CF) and mixed fiberboard (MF) were apparent. The preliminary degradation in lignin and cellulose of CF occurred at 300 °C. The cellulose had completely decomposed at 400 °C, but in the case of MF, the lignin and cellulose were not completely decomposed at 400 °C. It was shown that there are different ways to improve the fire resistance of ULDF using boron, nitrogen-phosphorus, silica, and halogen-based fire-retardants. The fiberboard with silicium compounds had the lowest mass loss in three stages and total mass loss. Compared with CF, MF had a lower mass loss. Furthermore, the exothermic peak for MF at around 400.0 °C was decreased, indicating that the fire resistance of ULDF was improved by the complex fire-retardants.
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| 2. |
- Cai, Lili, et al.
(author)
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Optimization of aluminum/silicon compounds on fire resistance of old corrugated container fiber foam material
- 2016
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In: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 11:3, s. 6505-6517
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Old corrugated container fiber foam material (OCCM) was prepared using a liquid frothing approach. The effect of the content of Al/Si compounds, the molar ratio of Al3+/SiO2, and different addition form on the limited oxygen index (LOI) and residue percentage of OCCM was optimized using an orthogonal design. The fire resistance of OCCM was best when the content of Al/Si compounds was 900 mL, the molar ratio of Al3+/SiO2 was 1:1, and the aluminum sulfate solution was added first, followed by the separately added sodium silicate solution. Under these conditions, the LOI and residue percentage of OCCM reached 32.3 and 53.51%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that Al/Si compounds promoted char formation and reduced the heat release of the optimized OCCMs during depolymerisation. Compared with the control group, the residue percentage of optimized OCCM was increased from 12.49% to 37.98%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified the functional groups of Al/Si compounds in the optimized OCCMs, confirming that pyrolysis of the optimized OCCMs was affected by Al/Si compounds.
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| 3. |
- Cai, Lili, et al.
(author)
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Ultra-Low Density Fibreboard with Improved Fire Retardance and Thermal Stability using a Novel Fire- Resistant Adhesive
- 2016
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In: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 11:2, s. 5215-5229
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A novel fire-resistant adhesive made from polyvinyl alcohol, urea, phosphoric acid, and starch was demonstrated for use as a binder and fire retardant to produce ultra-low density fibreboard (ULDF) with clear environmental benefits. The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of chemical bonding between fire- resistant adhesives and ULDFs. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), combustion behaviour, and thermal stability were characterized using a LOI text, cone calorimeter, and thermal analyzer, respectively. The results demonstrated that the LOI value of the fire-retardant ULDF can reach up to 34.2 with 300 mL of fire-resistant adhesive. It was established that the additive noticeably reduced the peak of heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release of ULDF. Their morphologies after combustion were elucidated using a scanning electron microscope, and a char layer in the condensed phase was observed. Thermal analysis showed that the thermal stability of ULDF improved dramatically and the residual weight increased 4-fold, to 48.32%. Therefore, such ULDFs will be tremendously attractive as renewable, sustainable, and bio-based insulating materials.
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| 4. |
- Chen, Tingjie, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Refining on Physical Properties and Paper Strength of Pinus massoniana and China Fir Cellulose Fibers
- 2016
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In: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 11:3, s. 7839-7848
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To obtain a suitable refining process for Pinus massoniana cellulose fibers (PMCF) and China fir cellulose fibers (CFCF), the effects of the beating gap and the pulp consistency on the physical properties and the morphology of the two cellulose fibers were investigated. The results showed that the physical properties of the PMCF and the CFCF were well affected by the beating gap and the pulp consistency. The CFCF showed a smaller weight-average length and width than that of the PMCF. The CFCF exhibited smaller weight-average length, width, and kink index than the PMCF. It is easy to get the high beating degree, indicating it is more easily to be refined. Additionally, the tensile index and burst index of PMCFP and CFCFP increased with increasing beating degree, while the tear index decreased. Compared to the CFCF, the paper made from PMCF had superior strength properties. Consequently, the PMCF was suitable for refining with a high pulp consistency and a medium beating gap, whereas the CFCF had a medium pulp consistency and a big beating gap.
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| 5. |
- Chen, Tingjie, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Si-Al Molar Ratio on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-low Density Fiberboard
- 2016
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In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-3768 .- 1436-736X. ; 74:2, s. 151-160
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To clarify how the mechanical properties of ultra-low density fiberboards (ULDFs) affected by Si-Al molar ratios, they were prepared with different Si-Al molar ratios. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the ULDFs were tested using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, and microcomputer control electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that Si and Al component were uniformly distributed on the fibers’ surface and the bond of Si-O-C was formed. The different microstructures and relative densities were presented with different Si-Al molar ratios. The results of the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond strength (IB) were also significantly affected by different Si-Al molar ratios; and their maximum values of 20.78, 0.17, and 0.025MPa were obtained while Si-Al compounds with Si-Al molar ratio of 2:1 was added.
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| 6. |
- Chen, Tingjie, et al.
(author)
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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Complex Fire-Retardants on the Fire Properties of Ultra-low Density Fiberboard (ULDF)
- 2016
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In: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 11:1, s. 1796-1807
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The preparation conditions of complex fire-retardant (FR) agents containing boron compounds (BF, X1), nitrogen-phosphorus compounds (NPF, X2), silicon compounds (SF, X3), and halogen compounds (HF, X4) for ultra-low density fiberboard (ULDF) were optimized using a response surface methodology. The effects and interactions of X1, X2, X3, and X4 on the fire properties of ULDF were investigated. An optimum char yield of 61.4% was obtained when the complex fire-retardant agents contained 33.9% boron, 27.2% nitrogen-phosphorus, 15.0% silicon, and 28.6% halogen. Compared with control fiberboard (CF), the heat release rate (HRR) profiles of all fiberboards with FRs were reduced. The peak HRR reduction in BF and NPF was more pronounced than for SF and HF at this stage. And the mixed fiberboard (MF) had the lowest pkHRR of 75.02 kW m−2. In total heat release (THR) profiles, all fiberboards with FRs were lower than the CF. Unlike the HRR profiles, HF had the lowest THR profile of 15.33 MJ/m−2. Additionally, Si compounds showed greater effectiveness in preventing ULDF mass loss than BF, NPF, and HF. MF showed the highest residual mass (40.94%). Furthermore, the synergistic effect between four FR agents showed more significant results in ULDFs.
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| 7. |
- Chen, Tingjie, et al.
(author)
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Hybrid composites of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Si-Al for improving the properties of ultra-low density fiberboard (ULDF)
- 2016
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In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 6:25, s. 20706-20712
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hybrid composites of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Si-Al were synthesized to improve the thermostability and mechanical properties of ultra-low density fiberboard (ULDF). Their physical and chemical properties were tested by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a microcomputer control electronic universal testing machine. Microstructure results indicated that the distribution of inorganic fillers on the surface of ULDF was improved by the PVA. Analysis of chemical bonds and crystallinity of materials showed that part of the PVA reacted with Si-Al sol, and the other was physically crosslinked in the composite. The thermostability of ULDF decreased with the increasing content of PVA, but the mechanical properties increased. Combined with the TGA and mechanical properties results, a reasonable content of PVA (30%) was obtained. Under this condition, the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and the internal bond strength of ULDF were 0.35, 24.86, and 0.038 MPa, respectively
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| 8. |
- Chen, Tingjie, et al.
(author)
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Improving the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Low Density Plant Fiber Composite (ULD_PFC) by Refining Treatment
- 2016
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In: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 11:4, s. 8558-8569
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To improve the mechanical properties of ultra-low density plant fiber composite (ULD_PFC), a suitable beating process to improve the fibrillation of cellulose fibers and maintain their length was investigated. The physical properties of cellulose fibers and papers, surface chemical bonds, and internal bond strength (IB) of ULD_PFCs were analyzed. The results showed that the beating degrees, degree of fibrillation, and fiber fines increased with the decreasing of beating gap, except for the fiber weight-average length, width, kink index, and curl index. The tensile index and burst index of paper showed an increasing trend with an increase in beating degree, while the tear index showed a decreasing trend. FTIR results showed that intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds in ULDF were broken. A suitable beating gap of 30 μm with a beating degree of 35 °SR was obtained. The corresponding IB was 50.9 kPa, which represented an increase of 73.1% over fibers with a beating degree of 13 °SR.
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| 9. |
- Chen, Tingjie, et al.
(author)
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Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Material with Hierarchical Porosity for Ultralow Density Wood Fiber Composite (ULD_WFC)
- 2016
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In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 4:7, s. 3888-3896
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigates the application of mesoporous aluminosilicate material with hierarchical porosity to ultralow density wood fiber composite (ULD_WFC) for improving their mechanical properties. A 300 nm thickness Si–Al inorganic film was applied to the surface of the fibers. The mesoporous aluminosilicate material with many mesopores ranging from 2 to 20 nm was obtained. Their total pore volume and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area were 0.193 cm3/g and 355.2 m2/g, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermostability of ULD_WFCs was affected by Si–Al compounds. But the residual weight of ULD_WFC with Si–Al compounds was 23.87% greater than composite without Si–Al compounds. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated partial conversion of SiO2 to α-SiC. These conditions attributed to improving the mechanical properties of ULD_WFC. The modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bond strength of composite with Si–Al compounds increased by 547.4%, 240.0%, and 400.0%, respectively, as compared with uncoated ULD_WFC.
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| 10. |
- Chen, Tingjie, et al.
(author)
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Optimizing Refining Conditions of Pinus massoniana Cellulose Fibers for Improving the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Low Density Plant Fiber Composite (ULD_UFC)
- 2017
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In: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University. - 1930-2126. ; 12:1, s. 8-18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Response surface methodology was used to optimize the refining conditions of Pinus massoniana cellulose fiber and to improve the mechanical properties of ultra-low density plant fiber composite (ULD_PFC). The effects and interactions of the pulp consistency (X1), the number of passes (X2), and the beating gap (X3) on the internal bond strength of ULD_PFC were investigated. The results showed that the optimum internal bond strength (91.72 ± 2.28 kPa) was obtained under the conditions of 8.0% pulp consistency, two passes through the refiner, and a 30.0 μm beating gap. Analysis of the physical properties of the fibers and handsheets showed that the fibrillation of fibers with optimum refining conditions was improved. Also, the tear index of the optimal specimen was 13.9% and 24.5% higher than specimen-1 with a lowest beating degree of 24 oSR and specimen-6 with a highest beating degree of 73 oSR, respectively. Consequently, the optimal refining conditions of the fibers are valid for preparing ULD_PFCs.
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