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| 2. |
- Crispo, Erika, et al.
(author)
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The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in response to anthropogenic disturbance
- 2010
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In: Evolutionary Ecology Research. - Tucson, AZ, USA : Evolutionary Ecology Ltd. - 1522-0613 .- 1937-3791. ; 12:1, s. 47-66
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Questions: Do evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity occur after anthropogenic disturbance? Do these changes tend to be increases or decreases in plasticity? How do these evolutionary patterns differ among taxa and trait types? Does evolution of plasticity change with time since the disturbance?Data incorporated: Evolutionary rates for plasticity estimated from 20 studies that have compared a plastic response in two or more populations, at least one of which had experienced an anthropogenic disturbance in nature and at least one of which had not.Method of analysis: We estimate evolutionary rates (darwins and haldanes) for plasticity for each study, which represent the amount of evolutionary change in plasticity. We then perform analyses of covariance, with the evolutionary rate numerator (amount of evolutionary change) as a response variable, taxa and trait type as predictor variables, and the amount of evolutionary time as a covariate.Conclusions:We find that plasticity has evolved in several cases, including both increases and decreases in the levels of plasticity following anthropogenic disturbances. The typical direction of this evolutionary response depends on an interaction between taxon and trait type. For instance, invertebrates sometimes show the evolution of increased plasticity for life-history traits, but the evolution of decreased plasticity for morphological traits. Plants, on the other hand, show no trends in the direction of plasticity evolution.
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| 3. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(author)
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Intrusive images and "hotspots" of trauma memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder : an exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes
- 2005
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In: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 36:1, s. 3-17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study aimed to investigate the emotions and cognitions contained in "hotspots" of memory for trauma, as well as their associated images. Thirty-two participants at a specialist outpatient trauma clinic had experienced a range of traumatic events and met diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Data were collected within an agreed protocol, involving reliving therapy. Patients described the different intrusive images of the trauma that they were re-experiencing. Their reports of cognitions and emotions during "hotspots" in their memory of the traumatic experience were recorded as part of reliving therapy. Hotspots refer to moments of peak emotional distress during the event. There was a high degree of match reported between intrusive images and hotspots. The cognitive and emotional contents of hotspots were qualitatively analysed into themes. The relative of frequency of these peritraumatic themes is presented. The exploratory findings are discussed with respect to our understanding and treatment of intrusive imagery in PTSD. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Kragh, Theis, et al.
(author)
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Effect of exposure to sunlight and phosphorus-limitation on bacterial degradation of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in freshwater
- 2008
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In: FEMS Microbiology Ecology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6496 .- 1574-6941. ; 64:2, s. 230-239
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study reports on the interacting effect of photochemical conditioning of dissolved organic matter and inorganic phosphorus on the metabolic activity of bacteria in freshwater. Batch cultures with lake-water bacteria and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) extracted from a humic boreal river were arranged in an experimental matrix of three levels of exposure to simulated sunlight and three levels of phosphorus concentration. We measured an increase in bacterial biomass, a decrease in DOC and bacterial respiration as CO2 production and O2 consumption over 450 h. These measurements were used to calculate bacterial growth efficiency (BGE). Bacterial degradation of DOC increased with increasing exposure to simulated sunlight and availability of phosphorus and no detectable growth occurred on DOC that was not pre-exposed to simulated sunlight. The outcome of photochemical degradation of DOC changed with increasing availability of phosphorus, resulting in an increase in BGE from about 5% to 30%. Thus, the availability of phosphorus has major implications for the quantitative transfer of carbon in microbial food webs
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| 5. |
- Magunacelaya, Macarena B, et al.
(author)
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Surfing for mouth guards : assessing quality of online information
- 2011
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In: Dental Traumatology. - : John Wiley and Sons. - 1600-4469 .- 1600-9657. ; 27:5, s. 334-343
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: The Internet is an easily accessible and commonly used source of health-related information, but evaluations of the quality of this information within the dental trauma field are still lacking. Aim: The aims of this study are (i) to present the most current scientific knowledge regarding mouth guards used in sport activities, (ii) to suggest a scoring system to evaluate the quality of information pertaining to mouth guard protection related to World Wide Web sites and (iii) to employ this scoring system when seeking reliable mouth guard-related websites. Materials and methods: First, an Internet search using the keywords athletic injuries/prevention and control and mouth protector or mouth guards in English was performed on PubMed, Cochrane, SvedMed+ and Web of Science to identify scientific knowledge about mouth guards. Second, an Internet search using the keywords consumer health information Internet, Internet information public health and web usage-seeking behaviour was performed on PubMed and Web of Science to obtain scientific articles seeking to evaluate the quality of health information on the Web. Based on the articles found in the second search, two scoring systems were selected. Then, an Internet search using the keywords mouth protector, mouth guards and gum shields in English was performed on the search engines Google, MSN and Yahoo. The websites selected were evaluated for reliability and accuracy. Results: Of the 223 websites retrieved, 39 were designated valid and evaluated. Nine sites scored 22 or higher. The mean total score of the 39 websites was 14.2. Fourteen websites scored higher than the mean total score, and 25 websites scored less. The highest total score, presented by a Public Institution Web site (Health Canada), was 31 from a maximum possible score of 34, and the lowest score was 0. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a high amount of information about mouth guards on the Internet but that the quality of this information varies. It should be the responsibility of health care professionals to suggest and provide reliable Internet URL addresses to patients. In addition, an appropriate search terminology and search strategy should be made available to persons who want to search beyond the recommended sites.
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| 7. |
- Hollenberg, Jacob, et al.
(author)
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Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with an increase in proportion of emergency crew--witnessed cases and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
- 2008
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In: Circulation. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1524-4539 .- 0009-7322. ; 118:4, s. 389-96
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major public health problem. We sought to describe changes in 1-month survival after OHCA in patients given cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during the last 14 years in Sweden. METHODS AND RESULTS: All patients experiencing OHCA in whom CPR was attempted between 1992 and 2005 and who were reported to the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Register were included in the study. In all, 38,646 patients were included in this survey. The proportion of patients who were admitted alive to a hospital increased from 15.3% in 1992 to 21.7% in 2005 (P for trend <0.0001). The corresponding values for patients being alive after 1 month were 4.8% and 7.3%, respectively (P for trend <0.0001). The increase in 1-month survival was particularly evident among patients found with a shockable rhythm (increase from 12.7% in 1992 to 22.3% in 2005; P for trend <0.0001). The corresponding figures for patients found with a nonshockable rhythm were 1.2% in 1992 and 2.3% in 2005 (P for trend=0.044). Factors that potentially contributed to the improved survival rate were an increase in emergency medical crew-witnessed cases from 9% in 1992 to 15% in 2005 (P for trend <0.0001) and, to a lesser degree, an increase in bystander CPR from 31% in 1992 to 50% in 2005 (P for trend <0.0001). After adjustment for potential risk factors, the increase in survival remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant increase in survival after OHCA in Sweden over the last 14 years. The increase was particularly marked among patients found with a shockable rhythm and was associated with an increase in the proportion of crew-witnessed cases and, to a lesser degree, an increase in the performance of bystander CPR.
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| 9. |
- Lu, W., et al.
(author)
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Preface
- 2018
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In: Springer Series in Optical Sciences. - : Springer Verlag. ; , s. v-vii
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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