| 1. |
- Xuan, Xing, et al.
(author)
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Fully Integrated Wearable Device for Continuous Sweat Lactate Monitoring in Sports.
- 2023
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In: ACS Sensors. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2379-3694. ; 8:6, s. 2401-2409
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The chemical digitalization of sweat using wearable sensing interfaces is an attractive alternative to traditional blood-based protocols in sports. Although sweat lactate has been claimed to be a relevant biomarker in sports, an analytically validated wearable system to prove that has not yet been developed. We present a fully integrated sweat lactate sensing system applicable to in situ perspiration analysis. The device can be conveniently worn in the skin to monitor real-time sweat lactate during sports, such as cycling and kayaking. The novelty of the system is threefold: advanced microfluidics design for sweat collection and analysis, an analytically validated lactate biosensor based on a rational design of an outer diffusion-limiting membrane, and an integrated circuit for signal processing with a custom smartphone application. The sensor covering the range expected for lactate in sweat (1-20 mM), with appropriate sensitivity (-12.5 ± 0.53 nA mM-1), shows an acceptable response time (<90 s), and the influence of changes in pH, temperature, and flow rate are neglectable. Also, the sensor is analytically suitable with regard to reversibility, resilience, and reproducibility. The sensing device is validated through a relatively high number of on-body tests performed with elite athletes cycling and kayaking in controlled environments. Correlation outcomes between sweat lactate and other physiological indicators typically accessible in sports laboratories (blood lactate, perceived exhaustion, heart rate, blood glucose, respiratory quotient) are also presented and discussed in relation to the sport performance monitoring capability of continuous sweat lactate.
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| 2. |
- Colozza, Noemi, et al.
(author)
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Insights into Tripodal Tris(pyrazolyl) Compounds as Ionophores for Potentiometric Ammonium Ion Sensing
- 2022
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In: ChemElectroChem. - : Wiley. - 2196-0216. ; 9:18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The decentralisation of accurate determination of the ammonium ion (NH4+) is relevant for environmental monitoring (i. e., nitrogen cycle) and certain clinical applications (e. g., kidney and liver diseases). Potentiometric ionophore-based sensors are one alternative for these purposes in terms of versatile implementation, though the potassium ion (K+) is known to be a major source of interference. We herein investigate the use of three different tripodal tris(pyrazolyl) compounds derived from 1,3,5-triethylbenzene as NH4+ ionophores. A complete set of potentiometric experiments together with theoretical simulations reveals suitable analytical performance while demonstrating a suppression of the K+ interference given the formation of an adequate cavity in the ionophore to host NH4+ over K+ in the membrane environment. The results support the use of these electrodes in the analytical detection of NH4+ in a wide range of samples with variable contents.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Duezguen, Ali, et al.
(author)
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Nanostructured materials in potentiometry
- 2011
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In: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-2642 .- 1618-2650. ; 399:1, s. 171-181
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 5. |
- Pankratova, Nadezda, et al.
(author)
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Fluorinated tripodal receptors for potentiometric chloride detection in biological fluids
- 2017
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In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. - : Elsevier. - 0956-5663. ; 99, s. 70-76
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fluorinated tripodal compounds were recently reported to be efficient transmembrane transporters for a series of inorganic anions. In particular, this class of receptors has been shown to be suitable for the effective complexation of chloride, nitrate, bicarbonate and sulfate anions via hydrogen bonding. The potentiometric properties of urea and thiourea-based fluorinated tripodal receptors are explored here for the first time, in light of the need for reliable sensors for chloride monitoring in undiluted biological fluids. The ion selective electrode (ISE) membranes with tren-based tris-urea bis(CF3) tripodal compound (ionophore I) were found to exhibit the best selectivity for chloride over major lipophilic anions such as salicylate (log K-Cl-/Sal-(pot) = + 1.0) and thiocyanate (log K-Cl-/SCN-(pot) = + 0.1). Ionophore I-based ISEs were successfully applied for chloride determination in undiluted human serum as well as artificial serum sample, the slope of the linear calibration at the relevant background of interfering ions being close to Nernstian (49.8 +/- 1.7 mV). The results of potentiometric measurements were confirmed by argentometric titration. Moreover, the ionophore I-based ISE membrane was shown to exhibit a very good long-term stability of potentiometric performance over the period of 10 weeks. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titrations, potentiometric sandwich membrane experiments and density functional theory (DFT) computational studies were performed to determine the binding constants and suggest 1:1 complexation stoichiometry for the ionophore I with chloride as well as salicylate.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Van Hoovels, Kevin, et al.
(author)
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Can Wearable Sweat Lactate Sensors Contribute to Sports Physiology?
- 2021
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In: ACS Sensors. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2379-3694. ; 6:10, s. 3496-3508
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The rise of wearable sensors to measure lactate content in human sweat during sports activities has attracted the attention of physiologists given the potential of these "analytical tools" to provide real-time information. Beyond the assessment of the sensing technology per se, which, in fact, has not rigorously been validated yet in controlled conditions, there are many open questions about the true usefulness of such wearable sensors in real scenarios. On the one hand, the evidence for the origin of sweat lactate (e.g., via the sweat gland, derivation from blood, or other alternative mechanisms), its high concentration (1-25 mM or even higher) compared to levels in the blood, and the possible correlation between different biofluids (particularly blood) is rather contradictory and generates vivid debate in the field. On the other hand, it is important to point out that accurate detection of sweat lactate is highly dependent on the procedure used to collect and/or reach the fluid, and this can likely explain the large discrepancies reported in the literature. In brief, this paper provides our vision of the current state of the field and a thoughtful evaluation of the possible reasons for present controversies, together with an analysis of the impact of wearable sweat lactate sensors in the physiological context. Finally, although there is not yet overwhelming scientific evidence to provide an unequivocal answer to whether wearable sweat lactate sensors can contribute to sports physiology, we still understand the importance to bring this challenging question up-front to create awareness and guidance in the development, validation, and implementation of wearable sensors.
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| 8. |
- Xuan, Xing, et al.
(author)
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A Wearable Biosensor for Sweat Lactate as a Proxy for Sport Performance Monitoring
- 2022
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In: Analysis & Sensing. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2629-2742. ; 3:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the last decade, sport performance assessment has significantly transformed due to the appearance of disruptive technologies. Subjective pen and paper notations have evolved into advanced wearable sensing systems that acquire performance-related data. The selection of adequate performance metric variables always causes a debate in sport physiology, and this becomes more relevant once new biochemical indicators are proposed, such as sweat lactate. Here, we analyze the correlation of real-time sweat lactate, obtained with a validated wearable biosensor, with the typical physiological parameters often recorded in sports laboratories (e. g., blood lactate, Borg scale for the rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, power output, blood glucose, and respiratory quotient). We found that the heart rate, power output, Borg scale, and blood lactate relate to sweat lactate in independent individuals during cycling activity. Hence, we demonstrate the potential to associate non-invasive, quantitative, and personalized analysis with sport practice.
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