| 1. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis, Associate Professor
(author)
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AVT and agency : Revoicing to give a voice to minoritized language communities
- 2025
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In: Journal of Audiovisual Translation. - 2617-9148.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- At the 10th Media for All conference, the meagre representation of minoritized languages (including sign language) in audiovisual media on streaming platforms was tackled. In this way, the very ideal of media for all was challenged. Global streaming platforms tend to adopt a ‘one size fits all’ approach in limiting their language settings to a minimum. While the users of minoritized languages often are proficient in the dominant language of their country, it is absolutely crucial that content is available in their smaller — and often endangered — languages as well. Some streaming platforms of local public service broadcasters try to accommodate this need. Still, the questions remain: to what extent do not only minoritized languages users, but also the speakers of the majority languages encounter these minoritized languages in audiovisual content, how linguistically diverse and inclusive is this content, but also: what role can audiovisual translation play here? In this article, the importance of audiovisual translation in and out of minoritized languages, with a special focus on revoicing, is discussed. The children’s content broadcast by Swedish public service broadcaster in the national minority languages and sign language is used as a case study.
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| 2. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis
(author)
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Dutch National Varieties in Contact and in Conflict
- 2019
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In: European Pluricentric Languages in Contact and Conflict. - Vienna : Peter Lang Publishing Group. - 9783631802977 ; , s. 65-80
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2003, the Nederlandse Taalunie, officially recognised that the Dutch language area is pluricentric with "two equal national varieties" [own translation] (Nederlandse Taalunie 2003) in Europe: Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch. In reality however, Netherlandic Dutch was the dominant variety. Evidence of this could be found in lexicography, but also in literature and literary translation. Nevertheless, the status of the non-dominant Belgian Dutch variety is changing. This chapter looks at recent changes in lexicography and norm-adherence in Belgium with regard to the use of the Belgian national variety. It illustrates how the attitude towards and the status of non-dominant varieties, just like languages, are in constant flux. This may eventually result in a shift from "asymmetrical pluricentricity" towards more "symmetrical pluricentricity".
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| 3. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis
(author)
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‘Het is verruktelijk’ : Hoe audiovisuele vertalers het heft in eigen handen kunnen nemen
- 2019
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In: Filter (Bussum). - 0929-9394 .- 2352-0876. ; 26:4, s. 21-28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research into children’s audiovisual media often focuses on issues such as the psychological impact of exposure to violence and aggression on children’s behaviour and the influence of media on children’s views on gender, body image and ethnicity. As children are more malleable than adults and, as a result, more vulnerable to such media, its impact can indeed be considerable. The same applies to the influence of the language used in such media on children's linguistic development, since the target audience is still at an early stage of acquiring this (native or foreign) language. However, in many countries, children programmes are mostly imported and, hence, have to be translated. Audiovisual translation research into children’s media is, therefore, arguably even more important. Even in so-called “subtitling countries”, these - mainly dubbed - audiovisual products, but also the language used therein are, thus, worthy of closer scrutiny. With audiovisual translation studies having moved away from purely linguistic analyses, some scholars (Di Giovanni 2011, Pavesi 2018) have - rightfully so - called for a reappraisal of the study of the language of audiovisual translation (without ignoring its multimodality), particularly, in such programmes for children. Children’s programmes have been criticized for being out of touch with reality when it comes to portraying children (e.g. Götz et al. 2018). Many children, therefore, will not recognize themselves or the people around them in the characters they are presented with, but also linguistically such programmes can be out of touch with the linguistic reality in which children live. In this paper, I discuss these diversity issues in children's television and what translation strategies have recently been adopted in Sweden and Belgium to compensate for these on-going issues in children's media.
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| 4. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis, Associate Professor, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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How the PJ Masks become “PJ Heroes” : A Contrastive Corpus Study of Gender Portrayal in Dubbed Children’s Animation
- 2024
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In: Journal of Audiovisual Translation. - 2617-9148. ; 7:1, s. 1-19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study of dubbing for children, a quantitative and qualitative corpus analysis of a popular TV series were conducted. The parallel corpus consists of twelve episodes of the animated series PJ Masks, and its corresponding Dutch (Pyjamahelden [Pyjamas heroes]) and Swedish (Pyjamashjältarna [Pyjamas heroes]) audiovisual translations. The focus of the analyses is the portrayal of the main characters. In the light of ongoing criticism of children’s animation, regarding a lack of diversity and gender stereotyping, this translation analysis studies potential changes in gender representation with a particular interest in the female main character. First, the character portrayal in all language versions was systematically analysed based on the characters’ utterances . Subsequently, a closer qualitative analysis revealed some interesting translation shifts, particularly, in the Dutch target text. These were contrasted against the Swedish translation to check if this results in subtle or less subtle changes in the depiction of the heroes vis-à-vis the source text. Needless to say, such translation shifts in audiovisual translation for children and their effect on the representation of children in this multimodal glocal product is highly relevant amidst ongoing criticism of gender and diversity issues in children’s television.
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| 5. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis
(author)
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La traducción audiovisual lleva xera / Audiovisual translation matters : Sobre la importancia sociollingüística de la traducción audiovisual / On the sociolinguisticimportance of audiovisual translation
- 2022
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In: Lletres Asturianes. - 0212-0534 .- 2174-9612. ; 2022:126, s. 99-116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From its early days, audiovisual translation has often been referred to as constrained translation (Titford, 1982; Mayoral, Kelly & Gallardo, 1988). Skilled audiovisual translators try to find creative solutions to deal with these constraints, yet some might argue inevitably things get lost in translation. However, from a sociolinguistic point of view, there is also a lot to be gained from translation. Especially, in minority and smaller language areas that tend to rely more on imported foreign content. More recently, the emergence of several streaming platforms has started to change the audiovisual media landscape, as well as media consumption and audiovisual translation practices. These content providers are mostly large American companies and they are often feared to flood smaller countries and regions with their American content. Because of this, attempts have been made to protect local markets. Even at EU level, measures are in place to promote European audiovisual media. Importing foreign content can broaden the audience’s horizon, but the importance of making it accessible to a wide range of audiences with different linguistic preferences and special needs is often underrated. As a result, some content providers fail to adequately assess the implications of neglecting parts of their audiences. The impact of audiovisual translation, including dubbing of both local and foreign animation, is often underestimated. In this article, audiovisual translation practice is discussed, explaining sociolinguistic implications focussing on language planning (De Ridder & O'Connell, 2018) and linguistic diversity (De Ridder, 2019; 2020; 2021) in audiovisual content. It aims to raise more awareness of the role audiovisual translation can play and calls for better regulation.
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| 6. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis
(author)
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Linguistic diversity in audiovisual media for children in Belgium and Austria
- 2020
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In: Pluricentric Theory beyond Dominance and Non-dominance. - Graz/Berlin : PCL-PRESS. - 9783753106731 ; , s. 121-136
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As children are still in the early stages of language acquisition, their exposure to the language used in children’s media may affect their language learning, but also their language attitude. Children’s television has been criticized for being out of touch with reality when it comes to the portrayal of children. However, linguistically children’s media can also be out of touch with reality. This chapter discusses audiovisual media offered by different providers and accessed by young speakers of non-dominant national varieties in pluricentric language areas in the light of ongoing concerns about overexposure to the dominant variety. The main focus is on an analysis of media for Dutch-speaking children in Belgium, but German-language media for Austrian children is also discussed. It highlights differences between local and imported fiction and calls for further sociolinguistic research into the language used in different children’s media and how it affects language learning and language attitude.
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| 7. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis, Associate Professor
(author)
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Minority/minoritized language audiovisual translation for younger audiences
- 2025
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In: The Routledge handbook of translation and children’s literature and media. - London : Routledge.
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Revoicing has historically been used to translate children’s audiovisual content. Of the various audiovisual translation (AVT) modes, lip-sync dubbing completely replaces the original dialogue track with a recording of the translated dialogue lines in the target language. Off-screen narration is also used to guide children through a programme, usually in the form of voice-over that does not include traces of the source language. In addition to animated children’s programmes, live-action content targeting older children that used to be subtitled in so-called ‘subtitling countries’ is likewise often dubbed nowadays. Other than dubbing, different AVT modes can be combined within the same programme to make children’s content accessible to audiences with special needs or specific linguistic preferences. Furthermore, besides professional AVT, efforts by laypersons and language activists to provide content in minority languages are also important. In this chapter, AVT in and out of minority/minoritized languages is discussed, including aspects such as the role of language planning and the language acquisition impact on younger audiences.
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| 8. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis, et al.
(author)
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Natiolecten : het beleid en de praktijk in de naslagwerken
- 2019
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In: Tijdschrift Over Taal. - 0774-2398 .- 2593-8347. ; 57:1, s. 1-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Begin 2019 publiceerde de Taalunie de visietekst over en het implementatieplan voor haar taalvariatiebeleid in de toekomst. Daarin stippelt ze haar taalvariatiebeleid uit. Dit implementatieplan is het vervolg op de beleidstekst uit 2003, waarin de Taalunie het idee van de monocentrische standaardtaal definitief inruilde voor een pluricentrische standaardtaal. Sindsdien bestaan er ‘natiolecten’: geaccepteerde varianten van de standaardtaal die in een bepaalde natie (Nederland, België, Suriname en de Caraïben) gebruikelijk zijn. In het nieuwe implementatieplan stelt de Taalunie dat de variatie binnen de standaardtaal al wordt beschreven en dat die lopende projecten zullen worden ‘voortgezet en – waar mogelijk – worden geïntensiveerd of uitgebreid’. Taalvariatie in het werkveld Wij vroegen ons af of taalprofessionals zoals vertalers, redacteurs, tekstschrijvers en taaldocenten in de praktijk te maken krijgen met die variatie, welke naslagwerken ze gebruiken en welke informatie ze op dit moment niet of moeilijk kunnen vinden. Uit onze enquêteresultaten blijkt dat bij het werkveld, de mensen die professioneel en praktisch met taal bezig zijn, een grote behoefte aan degelijke naslagwerken en voldoende informatie over regionale informatie bestaat. Met andere woorden: de corpusplanning uit het implementatieplan mag zeker nog hoog op de agenda van de Taalunie blijven staan.
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| 9. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis
(author)
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Natiolectismen in misdaadfictie : Taalvariatie in televisieondertitels vroeger en nu
- 2020
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In: Nederlandse Taalkunde. - 1384-5845 .- 2352-1171. ; 25:2, s. 397-409
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sarah Van Hoof and Bram Vandekerckhove (2013) studied linguistic variation in a diachronic corpus of television series broadcast by the Flemish public service broadcaster (VRT). To establish whether there had been a decrease in oral standard Dutch language usage between the late 1970s and the late 2000s, they scrutinised the actors’ rendition of their scripts. They found that less Standard Dutch, but also less dialects were used in the Dutch-language fiction of the late 2000s. The latter contained more colloquial Belgian Dutch, the so-called ‘in-between’ variety (‘tussentaal’). While such sociolinguistic research into local Dutch-language fiction is highly interesting, it is also important to study linguistic variation in translated foreign fiction, as Dutch speakers are exposed a lot to such (audiovisual) translations. This article presents the results of a lexical analysis of a diachronic corpus of crime fiction subtitles (De Ridder 2015). These were broadcast by the VRT before and after their language policy changed in favour of an adherence to the Belgian, rather than the Netherlandic Dutch standard. The aim is to establish whether this resulted in an increase of Belgian Dutch lexis in their subtitles. Remarkably, in each period under scrutiny, in fact, more Netherlandic Dutch lexis was retrieved.
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| 10. |
- De Ridder, Reglindis, et al.
(author)
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Over jeans en jurkjes : Kledingtermen vroeger en nu
- 2021
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In: Tijdschrift Over Taal. - Gent. - 0774-2398. ; 59:1, s. 1-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rond de eeuwwisseling erkende de Nederlandse Taalunie dat het Nederlands een pluricentrische taal is met een Nederlandse en een Belgische nationale variëteit. Daarna werden ook Surinaamse en Caribische variëteiten erkend. Belgische Nederlandstaligen en taalprofessionals hielden zich in het verleden grotendeels aan de Nederlands-Nederlandse norm. Met de officiële erkenning van het Belgisch-Nederlands kregen taalgebruikers geleidelijk aan meer vertrouwen in het gebruik van hun eigen nationale variëteit. Enkele studies trachtten op basis van een systematische lexicale analyse na te gaan of beide variëteiten naar elkaar toe groeiden of net uit elkaar groeiden. Veel Nederlands-Nederlands werd in België overgenomen door de verwoede taalplanningsinitiatieven uit het verleden om de Nederlands-Nederlandse variëteit te promoten. Toch wordt er nog steeds een aanzienlijk aantal gemarkeerde Belgisch-Nederlandse woorden gebruikt in België, waarvan de Nederlandse tegenhangers om de een of andere reden nooit echt ingang hebben gevonden in dit deel van het taalgebied. Deze bijdrage blikt terug op het onderzoek van Grondelaers et al. uit 2001 en de vervolgstudie van Daems et al. uit 2015 en zoomt in op het gebruik van een deel van de kledingterminologie vandaag. Maar we bekijken ook andere manieren om de lexicale variatie in het Nederlands te bestuderen. Dat doen we door zelf taalgebruikers te bevragen en door taalgebruik te analyseren in corpora. Deze bijdrage pleit ook voor verder onderzoek naar de Nederlandse natiolectismen en een betere beschrijving van de Nederlandse natiolecten in het algemeen.
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