| 1. |
- Afshari, Ali, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of the robustness of cerebral oximetry to variations in skin pigmentation using a tissue-simulating phantom
- 2022
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In: Biomedical Optics Express. - Washington, DC, United States : Optica Publishing Group. - 2156-7085. ; 13:5, s. 2909-2928
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Clinical studies have demonstrated that epidermal pigmentation level can affect cerebral oximetry measurements. To evaluate the robustness of these devices, we have developed a phantom-based test method that includes an epidermis-simulating layer with several melanin concentrations and a 3D-printed cerebrovascular module. Measurements were performed with neonatal, pediatric and adult sensors from two commercial oximeters, where neonatal probes had shorter source-detector separation distances. Referenced blood oxygenation levels ranged from 30 to 90%. Cerebral oximeter outputs exhibited a consistent decrease in saturation level with simulated melanin content; this effect was greatest at low saturation levels, producing a change of up to 15%. Dependence on pigmentation was strongest in a neonatal sensor, possibly due to its high reflectivity. Overall, our findings indicate that a modular channel-array phantom approach can provide a practical tool for assessing the impact of skin pigmentation on cerebral oximeter performance and that modifications to algorithms and/or instrumentation may be needed to mitigate pigmentation bias.
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| 2. |
- Fredriksson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of a multi-layer diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system using optical phantoms
- 2017
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In: DESIGN AND QUALITY FOR BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES X. - : SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. - 9781510605534 - 9781510605541
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A fiber probe-based device for assessing microcirculatory parameters, especially red blood cell (RBC) tissue fraction, their oxygen saturation and speed resolved perfusion, has been evaluated using state-of-the-art multi-layer tissue simulating phantoms. The device comprises both diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) at two source-detector separations (0.4 and 1.2 mm) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and use an inverse Monte Carlo method for identifying the parameters of a multi-layered tissue model. First, model parameters affecting scattering, absorption and geometrical parameters are fitted to measured DRS spectra, then speed parameters are fitted to LDF spectra. In this paper, the accuracy of the spectral parameters is evaluated. The measured spectral shapes at the two source-detector separations were in good agreement with forward calculated spectral shapes. In conclusion, the multi-layer skin model based on spectral features of the included chromophores, can reliably estimate the tissue fraction of RBC, its oxygen saturation and the reduced scattering coefficient spectrum of the tissue. Furthermore, it was concluded that some freedom in the relative intensity difference between the two DRS channels is necessary in order to compensate for non-modeled surface structure effects.
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| 3. |
- Fredriksson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of a pointwise microcirculation assessment method using liquid and multilayered tissue simulating phantoms
- 2017
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In: Journal of Biomedical Optics. - : SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS. - 1083-3668 .- 1560-2281. ; 22:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A fiber-optic probe-based instrument, designed for assessment of parameters related to microcirculation, red blood cell tissue fraction (f(RBC)), oxygen saturation (S-O2), and speed resolved perfusion, has been evaluated using state-of-the-art tissue phantoms. The probe integrates diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) at two source-detector separations and laser Doppler flowmetry, using an inverse Monte Carlo method for identifying the parameters of a multilayered tissue model. Here, we characterize the accuracy of the DRS aspect of the instrument using (1) liquid blood phantoms containing yeast and (2) epidermis-dermis mimicking solid-layered phantoms fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane, titanium oxide, hemoglobin, and coffee. The rootmean-square (RMS) deviations for f(RBC) for the two liquid phantoms were 11% and 5.3%, respectively, and 11% for the solid phantoms with highest hemoglobin signatures. The RMS deviation for SO2 was 5.2% and 2.9%, respectively, for the liquid phantoms, and 2.9% for the solid phantoms. RMS deviation for the reduced scattering coefficient (mus), for the solid phantoms was 15% (475 to 850 nm). For the liquid phantoms, the RMS deviation in average vessel diameter (D) was 1 mu m. In conclusion, the skin microcirculation parameters fRBC and SO2, as well as, mu(s) and D are estimated with reasonable accuracy. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
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| 4. |
- Grant, Alexander M., et al.
(author)
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Diffuse optical spectroscopy of melanoma-simulating silicone phantoms
- 2009
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In: PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 7187 SPIE BIOS, 24-29 JANUARY 2009 Biomedical Applications of Light Scattering III. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 9780819474339 ; , s. 718702-1-718702-12
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Currently the only method for positively identifying malignant melanoma involves invasive and often undesirable biopsy procedures. Available ex-vivo data indicates increased vascularization in the lower regions of excised melanoma, as compared to dysplastic nevi. The ability to interrogate this region of tissue in-vivo could lead to useful diagnostic information. Using a newly developed fiber based superficial probe in conjunction with a steady-state frequency-domain photon migration (SSFDPM) system, we can probe the upper 1-2 mm of tissue, extracting functional information in the near infrared (650-1000 nm) range. To test the resolution and detection range of the superficial probe in this context, deformable silicone phantoms have been fabricated that simulate normal skin with melanocytic lesions. These phantoms consist of a two-layered matrix with the optical properties of normal light skin, containing several cylindrical inclusions that simulate highly absorbing pigmented lesions such as melanoma. These inclusions are varied in depth, diameter, and optical properties in order to fully test the probe's detection capabilities. It was found that, depending on absorption, we can typically probe to a depth of 1.0-1.5 mm in an inclusion, likely reaching the site of angiogenesis in an early-stage melanoma. Additionally, we can successfully interrogate normal tissue below lesions 1.5mm deep when absorption is about 0.4/mm or less. This data indicates that the superficial probe shows great promise for non-invasive diagnosis of pigmented lesions.
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| 5. |
- Horan, Sean T, et al.
(author)
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Recovery of layered tissue optical properties from spatial frequency-domain spectroscopy and a deterministic radiative transport solver
- 2019
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In: Journal of Biomedical Optics. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 1083-3668 .- 1560-2281. ; 24:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a method to recover absorption and reduced scattering spectra for each layer of a two-layer turbid media from spatial frequency-domain spectroscopy data. We focus on systems in which the thickness of the top layer is less than the transport mean free path ( 0.1 − 0.8l * ) . We utilize an analytic forward solver, based upon the N’th-order spherical harmonic expansion with Fourier decomposition ( SHEFN ) method in conjunction with a multistage inverse solver. We test our method with data obtained using spatial frequency-domain spectroscopy with 32 evenly spaced wavelengths within λ = 450 to 1000 nm on six-layered tissue phantoms with distinct optical properties. We demonstrate that this approach can recover absorption and reduced scattering coefficient spectra for both layers with accuracy comparable with current Monte Carlo methods but with lower computational cost and potential flexibility to easily handle variations in parameters such as the scattering phase function or material refractive index. To our knowledge, this approach utilizes the most accurate deterministic forward solver used in such problems and can successfully recover properties from a two-layer media with superficial layer thicknesses.
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| 6. |
- Kennedy, Gordon T., et al.
(author)
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Design and fabrication of solid phantoms for NIR water fraction studies
- 2017
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In: Proceedings Volume 10056, Design and Quality for Biomedical Technologies X; 100560A (2017). - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tissue simulating phantoms provide a valuable platform for quantitative evaluation of the performance of diffuse optical devices. In this paper we report the development of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) tissue phantom that mimics the spectral characteristics of tissue water. We have developed these phantoms to mimic different water fractions in tissue for testing new devices within the context of clinical applications such as burn wound triage. Compared to liquid phantoms, PDMS phantoms are easier to transport and use, and have a longer usable life than gelatin based phantoms. The pthalocyanine dye 9606 was used to provide an absorption feature of in the vicinity of 970 nm. Scattering properties were independently determined by adding titanium dioxide powder to obtain reduced scattering coefficients similar to that of tissue in the near infrared. Phantom properties were characterized using the techniques of inverse adding doubling and spatial frequency domain imaging. Results presented here demonstrate that we can fabricate solid phantoms that can be used to simulate different water fractions.
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| 7. |
- Kennedy, Gordon T., et al.
(author)
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Solid tissue simulating phantoms having absorption at 970 nm for diffuse optics
- 2017
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In: Journal of Biomedical Optics. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 1083-3668 .- 1560-2281. ; 22:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tissue simulating phantoms can provide a valuable platform for quantitative evaluation of the performance of diffuse optical devices. While solid phantoms have been developed for applications related to characterizing exogenous fluorescence and intrinsic chromophores such as hemoglobin and melanin, we report the development of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) tissue phantom that mimics the spectral characteristics of tissue water. We have developed these phantoms to mimic different water fractions in tissue, with the purpose of testing new devices within the context of clinical applications such as burn wound triage. Compared to liquid phantoms, cured PDMS phantoms are easier to transport and use and have a longer usable life than gelatin-based phantoms. As silicone is hydrophobic, 9606 dye was used to mimic the optical absorption feature of water in the vicinity of 970 nm. Scattering properties are determined by adding titanium dioxide, which yields a wavelength-dependent scattering coefficient similar to that observed in tissue in the near-infrared. Phantom properties were characterized and validated using the techniques of inverse adding-doubling and spatial frequency domain imaging. Results presented here demonstrate that we can fabricate solid phantoms that can be used to simulate different water fractions.
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| 8. |
- Moy, Austin J., et al.
(author)
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Optical properties of mouse brain tissue after optical clearing with FocusClear™
- 2015
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In: Journal of Biomedical Optics. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 1083-3668 .- 1560-2281. ; 20:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fluorescence microscopy is commonly used to investigate disease progression in biological tissues. Biological tissues, however, are strongly scattering in the visible wavelengths, limiting the application of fluorescence microscopy to superficial (<200 μm) regions. Optical clearing, which involves incubation of the tissue in a chemical bath, reduces the optical scattering in tissue, resulting in increased tissue transparency and optical imaging depth. The goal of this study was to determine the time- and wavelength-resolved dynamics of the optical scattering properties of rodent brain after optical clearing with FocusClear™. Light transmittance and reflectance of 1-mm mouse brain sections were measured using an integrating sphere before and after optical clearing and the inverse adding doubling algorithm used to determine tissue optical scattering. The degree of optical clearing was quantified by calculating the optical clearing potential (OCP), and the effects of differing OCP were demonstrated using the optical histology method, which combines tissue optical clearing with optical imaging to visualize the microvasculature. We observed increased tissue transparency with longer optical clearing time and an analogous increase in OCP. Furthermore, OCP did not vary substantially between 400 and 1000 nm for increasing optical clearing durations, suggesting that optical histology can improve ex vivo visualization of several fluorescent probes.
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| 9. |
- Nguyen, John Quan, et al.
(author)
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Effects of motion on optical properties in the spatial frequency domain
- 2011
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In: Journal of Biomedical Optics. - : OSA Publishing. - 1083-3668 .- 1560-2281. ; 16:12, s. 126009-1-126009-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a noncontact and wide-field optical imaging technology currently being used to study the optical properties and chromophore concentrations of in vivo skin including skin lesions of various types. Part of the challenge of developing a clinically deployable SFDI system is related to the development of effective motion compensation strategies, which in turn, is critical for recording high fidelity optical properties. Here we present a two-part strategy for SFDI motion correction. After verifying the effectiveness of the motion correction algorithm on tissue-simulating phantoms, a set of skin-imaging data was collected in order to test the performance of the correction technique under real clinical conditions. Optical properties were obtained with and without the use of the motion correction technique. The results indicate that the algorithm presented here can be used to render optical properties in moving skin surfaces with fidelities within 1.5% of an ideal stationary case and with up to 92.63% less variance. Systematic characterization of the impact of motion variables on clinical SFDI measurements reveals that until SFDI instrumentation is developed to the point of instantaneous imaging, motion compensation is necessary for the accurate localization and quantification of heterogeneities in a clinical setting.
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| 10. |
- Nguyen, John Quan, et al.
(author)
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Motion correction in spatial frequency domain imaging$\mathsemicolon$ optical property determination in pigmented lesions
- 2011
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In: Proceedings Volume 7883 SPIE BIOS, 22-27 JANUARY 2011 Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics VII. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and Objective: Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) is a non-contact wide-field optical imaging technology currently being used to study the optical properties and chromophore concentrations of in-vivo malignant melanomas and benign pigmented lesions. Our objective is to develop a motion correction procedure in order to assess the concerns of subject-motion related variables during clinical measurements.Study Design/Materials and Methods: SFDI motion-correction is a two-part procedure which utilizes a fiduciary marker and canny-edge detection in order to reposition and align the frame-to-frame regions-of-interest (ROI). Motioninduced phase-shifts are subsequently sampled before the entire image-set is processed by a modified demodulation formula. By comparing the results of the adjusted processing method with data gathered from the current non-corrected method, we were able to systematically characterize the impact of motion variables on SFDI measurements.Results: Motion-corrected SFDI data from moving phantom measurements and clinical patient measurements showed up to 84.58% decrease in absorption (μa) variance and up to 92.63% decrease in reduced-scattering (μs') variance. Stationary phantom test-measurements showed almost no difference between motion corrected and standard processing. Conclusion: SFDI motion correction is necessary for obtaining high-fidelity in-vivo optical property measurements of pigmented lesions in a clinical setting.
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