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- Basieva, Irina, et al.
(author)
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True Contextuality Beats Direct Influences in Human Decision Making
- 2019
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. General. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0096-3445 .- 1939-2222. ; 148:11, s. 1925-1937
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In quantum physics there are well-known situations when measurements of the same property in different contexts (under different conditions) have the same probability distribution but cannot be represented by one and the same random variable. Such systems of random variables are called contextual. More generally, true contextuality is observed when different contexts force measurements of the same property (in psychology, responses to the same question) to be more dissimilar random variables than warranted by the difference of their distributions. The difference in distributions is itself a form of context-dependence but of another nature: it is attributable to direct causal influences exerted by contexts upon the random variables. The Contextuality-by-Default theory allows one to separate true contextuality from direct influences in the overall context-dependence. The Contextuality-by-Default analysis of numerous previous attempts to demonstrate contextuality in human judgments shows that all context-dependence in them can be accounted for by direct influences, with no true contextuality present. However, contextual systems in human behavior can be found. In this paper we present a series of crowd-sourcing experiments that exhibit true contextuality in simple decision making. The design of these experiments is an elaboration of one introduced in the Snow Queen experiment (Decision 5, 193-204, 2018), in which contextuality was for the first time demonstrated unequivocally.
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., et al.
(author)
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Contextuality in Three Types of Quantum-Mechanical Systems
- 2015
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In: Foundations of physics. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 0015-9018 .- 1572-9516. ; 45:7, s. 762-782
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a formal theory of contextuality for a set of random variables grouped into different subsets (contexts) corresponding to different, mutually incompatible conditions. Within each context the random variables are jointly distributed, but across different contexts they are stochastically unrelated. The theory of contextuality is based on the analysis of the extent to which some of these random variables can be viewed as preserving their identity across different contexts when one considers all possible joint distributions imposed on the entire set of the random variables. We illustrate the theory on three systems of traditional interest in quantum physics (and also in non-physical, e.g., behavioral studies). These are systems of the Klyachko-Can-Binicioglu-Shumovsky-type, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bell-type, and Suppes-Zanotti-Leggett-Garg-type. Listed in this order, each of them is formally a special case of the previous one. For each of them we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for contextuality while allowing for experimental errors and contextual biases or signaling. Based on the same principles that underly these derivations we also propose a measure for the degree of contextuality and compute it for the three systems in question.
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N.
(author)
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Dissimilarity, Quasidistance, Distance
- 2010
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In: Journal of mathematical psychology (Print). - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0022-2496 .- 1096-0880. ; 54:2, s. 334-337
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., et al.
(author)
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Generalized Fechnerian Scaling
- 2006
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In: Measurement and Representation of Sensations. - : Erlbaum.
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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