| 1. |
- Barack, Leor, et al.
(author)
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Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics : a roadmap
- 2019
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In: Classical and quantum gravity. - : IOP Publishing. - 0264-9381 .- 1361-6382. ; 36:14
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The grand challenges of contemporary fundamental physics dark matter, dark energy, vacuum energy, inflation and early universe cosmology, singularities and the hierarchy problem all involve gravity as a key component. And of all gravitational phenomena, black holes stand out in their elegant simplicity, while harbouring some of the most remarkable predictions of General Relativity: event horizons, singularities and ergoregions. The hitherto invisible landscape of the gravitational Universe is being unveiled before our eyes: the historical direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration marks the dawn of a new era of scientific exploration. Gravitational-wave astronomy will allow us to test models of black hole formation, growth and evolution, as well as models of gravitational-wave generation and propagation. It will provide evidence for event horizons and ergoregions, test the theory of General Relativity itself, and may reveal the existence of new fundamental fields. The synthesis of these results has the potential to radically reshape our understanding of the cosmos and of the laws of Nature. The purpose of this work is to present a concise, yet comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the relevant fields of research, summarize important open problems, and lay out a roadmap for future progress. This write-up is an initiative taken within the framework of the European Action on 'Black holes, Gravitational waves and Fundamental Physics'.
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| 2. |
- Chen, Kang, et al.
(author)
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Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial, proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in basophils
- 2009
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In: Nature Immunology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1529-2908 .- 1529-2916. ; 10:8, s. 121-889
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody isotype that mature B cells express together with IgM through alternative RNA splicing. Here we report active T cell-dependent and T cell-independent IgM-to-IgD class switching in B cells of the human upper respiratory mucosa. This process required activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and generated local and circulating IgD-producing plasmablasts reactive to respiratory bacteria. Circulating IgD bound to basophils through a calcium-mobilizing receptor that induced antimicrobial, opsonizing, inflammatory and B cell-stimulating factors, including cathelicidin, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-4 and B cell-activating factor (BAFF), after IgD crosslinking. By showing dysregulation of IgD class-switched B cells and 'IgD-armed' basophils in autoinflammatory syndromes with periodic fever, our data indicate that IgD orchestrates an ancestral surveillance system at the interface between immunity and inflammation.
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| 3. |
- Edholm, O., et al.
(author)
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The barrier for heme-protein separation estimated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations
- 1998
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In: Chemical Physics Letters. - 0009-2614 .- 1873-4448. ; 291:5-6, s. 501-508
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In heme-containing proteins the heme group is usually non-covalently bound in a pocket. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to estimate the barrier height for heme-protein separation. In simulations of myoglobin dissolved in water, a force has been applied to pull the heme out of the binding pocket. With forces above 0.5 nN, the heme group is easily pulled out of the pocket in times of the order of tens of picoseconds. With weaker forces, heme release becomes too slow to be monitored in an MD simulation covering a couple of hundred picoseconds. These results are consistent with a free energy barrier to heme release of about 100 kJ/mol. The results show that the main energetic change that occurs during the release is a conversion of heme/protein Lennard-Jones energy into heme/water Lennard-Jones energy. The release is essentially barrierless in energy indicating that the main part of the barrier is entropic.
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| 4. |
- Edholm, Olle, et al.
(author)
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The effect of water on the Fe3+/Fe2+ reduction potential of heme
- 2000
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In: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 268:3, s. 683-687
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hemeproteins can act as catalysts, oxygen carriers or electron conductors. The ferric/ferrous reduction potential E-m7 of iron in the center of the prosthetic group ranges from negative values for peroxidases to an extreme positive value for cytochrome a, with Hb and Mb in the middle [1]. Proteins exercise their influence on E-m7 in several ways: via substituents at the periphery of the chelate structure, via the proximal ligand, and via interaction with the surrounding medium, amino acid side chains, or polar solvents. Work on recombined proteins and ap-substituted free hemes documented that the first two effects are additive [2]. For the third effect, models of the dielectric media on a molecular level have been successfully applied [3-5]. E-m7 has also been empirically correlated to the degree of heme exposure to water [6-8]. The apoprotein/porphyrin and water/porphyrin interfaces are complementary since water molecules fill any empty space in the crevice and surround any pertinent part of heme outside the protein boundary. The present work links to this idea by a combination of statistical mechanics simulations and quantum mechanical calculations comparing heme in water with heme in an apolar environment. Our results show that polarization of the porphyrin pi-electron cloud by the held from water dipoles influences E-m7 The dominant effect of this and other determinates of iron electron availability is perturbations of delocalized electron density in the porphyrin chelate, reproduced by a model where the prosthetic group is treated as a disc of uniform electron density. The present work is also of interest since the interfacial energy constitutes the main barrier for heme-protein Separation [9-11].
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| 5. |
- Edholm, Paul, et al.
(author)
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Ectomography : A New Radiographic Method for Reproducing a Selected Slice of Varying Thickness
- 1980
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In: Acta Radiologica. - 0284-1851 .- 1600-0455. ; 21:4, s. 433-442
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mathematical basis is described of a new radiographic method by which an arbitrarily thick layer of the patient may be reconstructed. The reconstruction is performed from at least 60 images of the volume under examination. Each of these images, which have to be in digital form, is subjected to a special filtration process of its spatial frequencies. The combination of all the images will form the resulting image of the layer--the ectomogram. The method has been analysed and tested in experiments simulated with a computer.
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| 6. |
- Edholm, Paul
(author)
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Linograms
- 1988
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The several successful solutions to the problem of image reconstruction from projections have caused a rapid growth of a number of new techniques for the reconstruction of distributions and images in several scientific fields. The importance of these techniques, especially in medicine, can hardly be overestimated. In a new algorithm for image reconstruction from projections [l, 2], a special form of the projection data is employed providing some certain advantages. This new form or map of the projection data are called linograms. This is intended as an overview of linograms and the algorithm based on them. Thorough discussions of conventional techniques are to be found in [3, 4 and 5]. In conventional techniques for image reconstruction, a two dimensional distribution of some property is reconstructed. The property might be the x-ray attenuation in a cross-section of the body, the distribution of a radioactive substance or something else. The distribution is not directly accessible but it is possible to measure line integrals (rays) through i t. The problem now is to reconstruct the distribution (the image) from i ts line integrals (its projections). Let the property we are interested in be described by the function f(x, y). projection data are estimates of line integrals of f of known location. Incon~entional techniques each line is specified by two parameters s and e, where s is the (signed) distance from the origin and e its angle with the y-axis.
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| 7. |
- Edholm, Paul
(author)
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Praktisk tomografi
- 1981
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- De basala principerna och geometrin för tomografi genomgås kortfattat, samt hur tomogrammet uppkommer. Avbildning av föremål i skiktet demonstreras och varför de avbildas med sämre skärpa och kontrast än vanliga bilder, men också hur tomogrammet kan visa mer av föremålen än vanliga bilder. Sedan redogörs för hur föremål utanför skiktet i olika. grad kan suddas ut genom den tomografiska rörelsoskärpan. För- och nackdelar med olika tomorörelser diskuteras liksom indikationer för när och hur man skall tomografera, samt hur man skall välja vinkel, rörelseform, rörelseriktning, bilder och snittval.
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| 8. |
- Edholm, Paul R., et al.
(author)
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Rekonstruktion av saknade projektioneri datortomografi
- 1991
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vid datortomografi besväras de rekonstruerade bilderna ofta av störande artefakter, dvs strukturer i bilden som inte motsvarar strukturer i patienten. Det finns många olika orsaker till artefakter och en viktig orsak är att vissa projektioner saknas helt eller delvis eller är av otillräcklig kvalitet. Delar av projektioner kan exempelvis saknas när implantat av metallproteser eller plomber i tänderna skymmer anatomin för de projicerande strålarna. Saknade projektioner av ena eller andra slaget ger upphov till artefakter i form av raka linjer som störande breder ut sig över hela bilden, ofta på ett sådant sätt att bilden blir otjänlig för sitt ändamål. I detta projekt har vi valt att studera en möjlighet att rekonstruera så mycket av de projektioner som saknas i ett visst vinkelavsnitt, att de inte längre ger upphov till störande artefakter. Arbetet har utförts med simulerade modellförsök. Vi har antagit en skiva i anatomin som avbildats med datortomografi med användande av parallellprojektioner. Försök har gjorts där enstaka projektioner saknas, och där projektioner saknas inom ett större vinkelavsnitt. Vid beskrivningen av vår metod skall vi först ge en verbal beskrivning och därpå en matematisk.
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| 9. |
- Edholm, Paul R.
(author)
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The Linogram Algorithm and Direct Fourier Method with Linograms
- 1991
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The conventionai map of projection data will here be called the sinogram map. Among the algorithms used with this map of data there are two of main interest for this paper: the Filtered Back Projection (FBP) and the Direct Fourier Method (DFM). FBP is the most popular algorithm used in commercial eT machines although it is computationally expensive compared to the DFM. The reason for its popularity is that FBP gives better pictures than the DFM uniess the lat ter is used with very careful interpolations. In this paper another map of projection data will be presented, here called the linogram map. The FBP may be implemented with this map in a particularly simple way, here called the Linogram Algorithm (LA). In this the back projection, which is so computationally expensive with the sinogram map, can be reduced to a computationally inexpensive series of FFT's.
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| 10. |
- Fröling, Morgan, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Appearances of Ecosystem Services in Environmental Impact Assessment - learnings from two Swedish case studies
- 2016
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In: Proceedings of Linnaeus Eco-Tech 2016.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ecosystem Services is an increasingly used concept to understand and describe the dependencies of socio-technical systems on the ecosystems in which they exist. We have studied to what extent ecosystem services are appearing in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) in two Swedish cases, the improvement of ecological status in a river used for small scale hydropower and the mining operations of the MM mine. In neither of the two cases ecosystem services have been intentionally included in the work with the EIAs. The goal of the studies has been to examine to what extent ecosystem services are appearing anyway in the EIAs, to what extent data in the EIAs are sufficient to perform more structured ecosystem service assessments, and if the use of a more structured ecosystem services review during the EIA process could have contributed positively to the EIA work. Both EIAs in this study holds some information on impacts on ecosystem services, and more information on affected ecosystem functions that could be translated into ecosystems services and probably to full ecosystem service reviews with additional data gathering. Cases of ecosystem functions and services impacting other ecosystem functions and services, sometimes in several stages, were found, indicating that such functions or services could be of special importance to protect and / or support.
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