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- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(author)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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In: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 2. |
- Ghajarnia, Navid, et al.
(author)
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Evaluating the Evolution of ECMWF Precipitation Products Using Observational Data for Iran : From ERA40 to ERA5
- 2022
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In: Earth and Space Science. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2333-5084. ; 9:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA), one of the most widely used precipitation products, has evolved from ERA-40 to ERA-20CM, ERA-20C, ERA-Interim, and ERA5. Studies evaluating the performance of individual ERA products cannot adequately assess the evolution of the products. We compared the performance of all ERA precipitation products at daily, monthly, and annual data (1980-2018) using more than 2100 Iran precipitation gauges. Results indicated that ERA-40 performed worst, followed by ERA-20CM, which showed only minor improvements over ERA-40. ERA-20C considerably outperformed its predecessors, benefiting from the assimilation of observational data. Although several previous studies have reported full superiority of ERA5 over ERA-Interim, our results revealed several shortcomings in ERA5 compared with the ERA-Interim estimates. Both ERA-Interim and ERA5 performed best overall, with ERA-Interim showing better statistical and categorical skill scores, and ERA5 performing better in estimating extreme precipitations. These results suggest that the accuracy of ERA precipitation products has improved from ERA-40 to ERA-Interim, but not consistently from ERA-Interim to ERA5. This study employed a grid-grid comparison approach by first creating a gridded reference data set through the spatial aggregation of point source observations, however, the results from a point-grid approach showed no change in the overall ranking of products (despite the slight changes in the error index values). These findings are useful for model development at a global scale and for hydrological applications in Iran.
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| 3. |
- Moghadam, Reza Zarei, et al.
(author)
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Understanding the effect of Mn2+ on Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped NaYF4 upconversion and obtaining the optimal combination of these tridoping
- 2023
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work, we investigated in detail the upconversion properties of several types of nanoparticles, including NaYF4:5%Yb3+/30%Mn2+, NaYF4:40%Mn2+/x%Yb3+ (x% = 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40), NaYF4:2%Er3+/x%Mn2+ (x% = 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70), NaYF4:40%Mn2+/x%Er3+ (x% = 1, 2, 5, and 10), and NaYF4:40%Mn2+/1%Yb3+/x%Er3+ (x% = 0, 2, 5, and 10). We studied their upconversion emission under 980 nm excitation in both pulsed and continuous wave modes at different synthesis temperatures. The nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The doping of Yb3+ and Mn2+ ions resulted in the nanoparticles assuming cubic and hexagonal crystal structures. The emission intensity increased (106.4 (a.u.*10(3)) to 334.4(a.u.*10(3))) with increasing synthesis temperature from 120 to 140 C-degrees, while a sharp decrease was observed when the synthesis temperature was increased to 200 C-degrees. The gradual decrease in peak intensity with increasing Mn2+ concentration from 20 to 70% was attributed to energy transfer from Mn2+ to Yb3+. In NaYF4:Mn2+/Yb3+/Er3+ UCNPs, increasing the Er3+ concentration from 0 to 10% led to the disappearance of the blue, orange, and green emission bands. The intense upconversion luminescence pattern with high spatial resolution indicates excellent potential for applications in displays, biological sensors, photodetectors, and solar energy converters.
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