| 1. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(author)
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Failure envelope for interaction of stresses perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress in wood
- 2018
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In: 6<sup>th</sup> European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 6), 7<sup>th</sup> European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD 7), 11 – 15 June 2018, Glasgow, UK.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The orthotropic material property in combination with ductility in compression, brittleness in shear and tension, very low shear modulus in radial-tangential (RT) plane etc. requires anisotropic stress failure criteria, as well as their evolution with increasing strains. Three- dimensional failure criteria have been proposed for this purpose, but their validation in the RT plane with interaction of rolling shear stresses has attracted less attention. Corresponding stress interactions are however important for modelling of engineered wood-based products under compression perpendicular to the grain when taking into account influence of the annual ring structure.The work aims at defining failure envelopes for stresses perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress interaction based on experimental investigations performed on Norway spruce. The experimental set-up was realized in a biaxial testing frame and consisted of stiff steel plates to transfer load from the testing machine to wood specimen. Mechanical grips prevented rotation and uplifting of the specimen in case of pure shear and tensile loading, respectively. In addition to conventional linear variable differential transformers, a digital image correlation system was used to measure strain fields on the surface of wood specimens and steel plates. Measurements of dog-bone shaped specimens were carried out along different stress interaction paths by displacement controlled loading.The experimental dataset was then compared with commonly used phenomenological failure criteria, namely Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu [1], Norris [2] and Hoffman, as well as with regression equations from previous works [3].Experiments revealed that the stress-strain relationship under compression, shear, and biaxial loading differs in radial and tangential directions. None of the three-dimensional stress failure criteria provided good prediction of experiments under compression and rolling shear, but experimental data was closer to the regression equation proposed in [3].
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Dowel deformations in multi-dowel LVL-connections under moment loading
- 2015
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In: Wood Material Science & Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 10:3, s. 216-231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the experimental study presented herein is the assessment and quantification of the behavior of individual dowels in multi-dowel connections loaded by a bending moment. For this purpose, double-shear, steel-to-timber connections with nine steel dowels arranged in different patterns and with different dowel diameters were tested in four-point bending. In order to achieve a ductile behavior with up to 7° relative rotation, the connections were partly reinforced with self-tapping screws. The reinforcement did not influence the global load–deformation behavior, neither for dowel diameters of 12 mm nor for 20 mm, as long as cracking was not decisive. The deformation of the individual dowels was studied by means of a non-contact deformation measurement system. Thus, the crushing deformation, that is, the deformation at the steel plate, and the bending deformation of the dowels could be quantified. In the case of 12 mm dowels, the bending deformation was larger than the crushing deformation, while it was smaller in the case of 20 mm dowels. Moreover, dowels loaded parallel to the grain showed larger bending deformations than dowels loaded perpendicular to the grain. This indicates that the loading of the individual dowels in the connection differs depending on their location.
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| 4. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Experimental Assessment of the Load Distribution in Multi-Dowel Timber Connections
- 2016
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In: 17th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Rhodes, Greece, July 3-7, 2016.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- An integrative, hierarchically organized testing procedure for the quantification of the load distribution in multi-dowel timber connections is presented herein. The use of contactless deformation measurement systems allowed the combination of test data from single dowel and multi-dowel connections, which gave access to the loads acting on each dowel over the full loading history. As a consequence of the anisotropic material behavior of wood, a nonuniform and progressively changing load distribution among the dowels was found.
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| 5. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Experimental characterization of the global and local behavior of multi-dowel LVL-connections under complex loading
- 2016
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In: Materials and Structures. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1359-5997 .- 1871-6873. ; 49:6, s. 2407-2424
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The thorough experimental characterization of a dowel-type connection under various combinations of bending moments and normal forces is presented in this study. Double-shear steel-to-timber connections with 12 and 20 mm steel dowels were tested in a 4-point bending test set-up. The load, between the connected steel and wood beams, was transferred by the dowels themselves and also via an additional (passive) contact device, which introduced an eccentric normal force in the timber beam. The behavior of the connections was studied at the global scale of the connection and at the local scale of the individual dowels. A non-contact deformation measurement system was used to assess the changes of the location of the center of relative rotation over the entire loading. At the same time, the head deformations of the individual dowels could be measured, giving a direct indication about the force distribution among the dowels. Due to reinforcement, connections behaved distinctly ductile with a global relative rotation of up to 3°. Pre-stressing of the contact device by a force of 40 kN yielded an even stiffer behavior. For the particular configurations tested herein, the center of rotation was found to be close to the vertical axis of symmetry of the joint and close to the top row of the dowels. Moreover, the superimposed vertical shift of the center of relative rotation in case of a delayed normal force could be quantified. © 2015 RILEM
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| 6. |
- Bader, Thomas K., et al.
(author)
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Integrative experimental characterization and engineering modeling of single-dowel connections in LVL
- 2016
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In: Construction and Building Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-0618 .- 1879-0526. ; 107, s. 235-246
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to be able to realistically and consistently elucidate and subsequently simulate the load displacement behavior of single-dowel connections, the material behavior of the individual components, namely steel dowels and wood, needs to be investigated. The behavior of slotted-in, single-dowel steel-to-laminated veneer lumber (LVL) connections with dowel diameters of 12 and 20 mm is thoroughly discussed here in relation to steel dowel and LVL properties. In addition to connection tests at different load-to-grain directions of 0, 45 and 90, the corresponding embedment behavior of LVL was tested up to dowel displacements of three times the dowel diameter. The material behavior of steel dowels was studied by means of tensile and 3-point bending tests and accompanying finite element simulations. A pronounced nonlinear behavior of the single-dowel connections was observed for all load-to-grain directions. In case of loading perpendicular to the grain, a significant hardening behavior was obvious. Due to the anisotropic material properties of wood, enforcing a loading direction of 45 to the grain resulted in an additional force perpendicular to the load direction which was quantified in a novel biaxial test setup. Thus, a comprehensive and consistent database over different scales of observations of dowel connections could be established, which subsequently was exploited by means of engineering modeling. The comparison of experimental and numerical data illustrates the potential of the engineering modeling approach to overcome drawbacks of current design regulations, which are unable to appropriately predict stiffness properties of dowel connections. Moreover, the quasi-elastic limit of dowel connections was calculated and discussed by means of the model. (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Path dependence in OSB sheathing-to-framing nailed connection revealed by biaxial testing
- 2018
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In: Journal of Structural Engineering. - Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 0733-9445 .- 1943-541X. ; 144:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OSB sheathing-to-wood framing connection, as typically used in light-frame shear walls, was experimentally examined in a novel biaxial test setup with respect to possible path dependence of the load-displacement relation. The connection with an annular-ringed shank nail was loaded under displacement control following nine different displacement paths within the sheathing plane, which coincided at a number of points. In intersection points, resultant connection force, its orientation and work performed on the connection system to reach the specific point were calculated and compared. Evaluation of experiments revealed significant path dependence with respect to orientation of force resultants at path intersection points. However, magnitude of the forces and the work carried out showed relatively small dependence of the displacement path undertaken. Comparison of uniaxial connection tests with the European yield model demonstrated strong contribution of withdrawal resistance of the ringed shank nail to its lateral strength. Results of this type are a valuable basis to build better models when simulating such connections in wood structures.
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| 8. |
- Blyberg, Louise, et al.
(author)
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Adhesive joints for structural timber/glass applications : Experimental testing and evaluation methods
- 2012
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In: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-7496 .- 1879-0127. ; 35, s. 76-87
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A study of three different adhesives, silicone, acrylate and polyurethane, intended for adhesive joints in structural timber/glass applications is presented in this paper. Intentionally, adhesives with a wide range of properties were chosen. The adhesive bonds between timber and glass were tested both in tension and in shear with a bond area of 800 mm2. Special fixtures were designed both for gluing and testing the specimens. The results include strength and failure type of the adhesive bond as well as deformation of the bond lines, measured with LVDTs and a non-contact optical 3D-deformation measuring system used in combination with finite element modelling in order to obtain detailed information about the behaviour.Of the tested adhesives, the acrylate (SikaFast 5215) provided the largest strength, both in tension and shear. The mean strength obtained for this adhesive bond was 3.0 MPa in tension and 4.5 MPa in shear.Further, it is demonstrated how rotations in the specimen during the test can be detected with the optical measuring system and how finite element modelling can be used to study the stress distribution internally in the adhesive bond. One conclusion obtained from the combination of results from the optical measuring system and finite element modelling is that the behaviour of the silicone adhesive is highly influenced by its near incompressible behaviour.
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