| 1. |
- Lindskog, Sven, et al.
(author)
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Validation of an Algorithm for Chronic Periodontitis Risk Assessment and Prognostication : Analysis of an Inflammatory Reactivity Test and Selected Risk Predictors
- 2010
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In: Journal of Periodontology. - : American Academy of Periodontology. - 0022-3492 .- 1943-3670. ; 81:6, s. 837-847
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Patients with severe forms of chronic periodontitis present with varying degrees of decreased inflammatory reactivity. A previously reported algorithm for chronic periodontitis risk assessment and prognostication is based on the analysis of some 20 risk predictors. One of these predictors is a skin provocation test that assesses the individual patient's reactivity to a lipid A challenge. The aim of this report was to analyze results from validation data for the algorithm with respect to the contribution of results of the skin provocation test as a risk predictor for the progression of chronic periodontitis and to compare these results with the contribution from other predictors, namely smoking, angular bony destruction, furcation involvement, abutment teeth, and endodontic pathology. Methods: Data from a previously reported clinical validation sample were used for the analysis, including the calculation of quality measures and explanatory values using different types of regression analysis and non-parametric testing. Results: Smoking, endodontic pathology, abutment teeth, angular bony destruction, and furcation involvement presented with individual explanatory values for periodontitis progression between 4% and 13% and highly significant parameter estimates. Explanatory values for the results of the skin provocation test ranged between 2.6% and 5.1% depending on the disease severity group, with a positive predictive value of 82% for the identification of high-risk patients. Conclusion: The skin provocation test provided a clinically significant contribution to the quality of analysis with the periodontitis risk and prognostication algorithm, in particular in the selection of high-risk patients for in-depth individual tooth analysis.
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| 2. |
- Lindskog, Sven, et al.
(author)
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Validation of an Algorithm for Chronic Periodontitis Risk Assessment and Prognostication: Risk Predictors, Explanatory Values, Measures of Quality, and Clinical Use
- 2010
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In: JOURNAL OF PERIODONTOLOGY. - : American Academy of Periodontology. - 0022-3492 .- 1943-3670. ; 81:4, s. 584-593
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The American Academy of Periodontology has recently stated that, "[risk assessment will become] increasingly important in periodontal treatment planning and should be part of every comprehensive dental and periodontal evaluation." (J Periodontol 2006;77:1608). Unaided risk assessment and prognostication show significant variability because chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. This report summarizes the clinical validation of an algorithm for chronic periodontitis risk assessment and prognostication. The algorithm is a Web-based analytic tool that integrates some 20 risk predictors and calculates scores indicating levels of risk for chronic periodontitis for the dentition (Level I) and, if an elevated risk is found, prognosticates disease progression tooth by tooth (Level II). Methods: An independent clinical validation sample was generated in an open, prospective clinical trial and analyzed in a predetermined validation plan. Results: The analyses identified two threshold scores above which significant progression of periodontitis was found. Based on these scores, sufficiently high explanatory values with significant and increasing parameter estimates for increasing risk were established in Level I, justifying detailed analysis tooth by tooth in Level II. Subsequent prognostication of chronic periodontitis in Level II was found to be accompanied by clinically relevant measures of quality in relation to rates of disease progression. Three score intervals representing increasing levels of periodontitis progression were identified corresponding to increasing levels of significant annual marginal bone loss. Conclusions: The predictors included in the algorithm reflect a relevant selection for periodontitis risk assessment. Risk assessment and prognostication with the algorithm provides the clinician with a validated, reliable, consistent, and objective tool supporting treatment planning.
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| 3. |
- Alsarve [Arvidsson], Daniel, 1976-
(author)
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I ständig strävan efter framgång? : föreningsdemokratins innehåll och villkor i Örebro Sportklubb 1908-89
- 2014
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of this dissertation is to study the conditions of and changes in sociative democracy processes at club level. One sports club is studied, Örebro Sportklubb (ÖSK), from its foundation in 1908 up to 1989. The main sources are club minutes, member magazines and annual reports. Democracy, and its twofolded relation to sport and economy processes, is the main problem area of the study. The specific question is how aspirations for economic effectiveness and sporting success influenced the democracy processes in ÖSK between 1908 and 1989.The Swedish sports movement has been described as a democratic movement. But the same movement has also been portrayed as an undemocratic movement made of men, for men. The study is based on a broad understanding of the democracy concept where issues of representativeness, influence, participation and knowledge are prominent. At a club level, the study is analysing the contents of the Swedish sports movement's democracy and its change during the 1900s. The thesis also illustrates how the pursuit of economic efficiency affected the associative democracy. These efficiencies were visible already in the 1920s, but was deepened during the 1970s. In short, the democratic range decreased, and successful sections became less and less motivated to finance the deficits of other sections.But the increased market orientation did not only represent a threat to the associative democracy. Marketisation and commercialization also preconditioned the democracy. At the club arena (Eyravallen), the members met in the clubhouse and café which, in turn, deepened the social capital and friendships within the club.
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| 4. |
- Asteberg, Inger, et al.
(author)
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A food-borne streptococcal sore throat outbreak in a small community.
- 2006
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In: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 38:11-12, s. 988-94
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Beta-haemolytic group A streptococci (GAS) is a common cause of sore throat, usually spread person-to-person. Outbreaks related to infected food have more seldom been reported. The bacteria may originate from the throat or from wounds on the hands of persons handling the food. An outbreak in Sätila, Sweden, in April/May 2003 involving 153 individuals who fell ill after eating contaminated 'sandwich-layer cakes' was investigated in a descriptive, retrospective cohort study. Questionnaires were distributed, one immediately after the outbreak and one 3 months later. The average attack rate was 72%. 143 individuals sought medical care and 137 were treated with antibiotics. 76 individuals were ill for more than 4 days. GAS isolates of identical T-type were obtained from the throats of the patients, wounds on the caterer's fingers and also from the cakes. PFGE banding patterns of 14 representative isolates were identical, as well as the emm-sequence type, emm 89, of 3 chosen isolates. The study shows that GAS from a small wound on a finger can cause illness in a large number of individuals. To prevent further outbreaks, it is important to increase public awareness of this type of transmission.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Blazinic, Vanja, et al.
(author)
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Impact of intentional photo-oxidation of a donor polymer and PC70BM on solar cell performance
- 2019
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In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 21, s. 22259-22271
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A short lifetime is the main factor hindering the wider implementation of low-cost organic photovoltaics in large-area and outdoor applications. Ingress of oxygen and water vapour through non-ideal encapsulation layers is a known cause of degradation for polymer/fullerene based solar cells. To better understand the origin of this performance degradation, we study the effect of intentional exposure of the photo-active layer to simulated sunlight (AM1.5) in air both on the solar cell performance and on the molecular semiconductor materials. Cathode-free thin films of a blend of the electron donor polymer poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (TQ1) and the electron acceptor fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) were exposed to simulated sunlight in air. Fourier-transform infrared spectra demonstrate the formation of carbonyl photo-oxidation products in the blend films, as well as in the pristine polymer and fullerene films. Solar cells prepared with photo-oxidized active layers show increasingly degraded electrical performance (lower short circuit current, open circuit voltage and fill factor) with increasing exposure time. The increased diode ideality factor indicates that trap-assisted recombination hinders device operation after exposure. The external quantum efficiency decreases drastically with increasing exposure time over the whole photon energy range, while the UV-vis absorption spectra of the blend films only show a mild photo-induced bleaching. This demonstrates that not only the photo-induced degradation of the solar cell performance is not predominantly caused by the loss in light absorption, but charge transport and collection are also hampered. This is explained by the fact that photo-oxidation of PC70BM causes bonds in its conjugated cage to break, as evidenced by the decreased ∏* intensity in C1s-NEXAFS spectra of PC70BM films. This degradation of unoccupied states of PC70BM will hinder the transport of photo-generated electrons to the electrode. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy gives direct evidence for gap states at the surface of a PC70BM film, formed after 2 hours of exposure and resulting in upward band bending at the PC70BM/air surface. These observations indicate that the photo-oxidation of PC70BM is likely to be the main cause of the performance degradation observed when the photoactive layer of a TQ1:PC70BM solar cell is intentionally exposed to light in air.
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| 7. |
- Blazinic, Vanja, et al.
(author)
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Photo-degradation in air of spin-coated PC60BM and PC70BM films
- 2018
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In: Synthetic metals. - : Elsevier. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 241, s. 26-30
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The fullerene derivatives PC60BM and PC70BM are widely used as electron accepting components in the active layer of polymer solar cells. Here we compare their photochemical stability by exposing thin films of PC60BM and PC70BM to simulated sunlight in ambient air for up to 47 h, and study changes in their UV–vis and FT-IR spectra. We quantify the photo-degradation by tracking the development of oxidation products in the transmission FT-IR spectra. Results indicate that PC60BM photodegrades faster than PC70BM. The rate of photo-oxidation of the thin films is dependent on the rate of oxygen diffusion in to the film and on the photo-oxidation rate of a single molecule. Both factors are dependent on the nature of the fullerene cage. The faster photo-oxidation of PC60BM than of PC70BM is in agreement with its slightly lower density and its higher reactivity. The use of PC70BM in solar cells is advantageous not only because of its absorption spectrum, but also because of its higher stability.
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| 8. |
- Blazinic, Vanja
(author)
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Probing the effects of photodegradation of acceptor materials in polymer solar cells: bulk, surface, and molecular level
- 2019
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Polymer solar cells (PSC) have reached record power conversion efficiencies of over 15%. The operational lifetime of PSCs, however, has to increase for their use in large area outdoor applications. In this work, a set of spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, FTIR, NEXAFS, XPS) was used to study the impact of exposure to light and air (photo-oxidation) on the photoactive layer and its components. We focused on the electron acceptor components: the fullerene derivatives, PC60BM and PC70BM, and the polymer N2200. A comparative study of photo-oxidized PC60BM and PC70BM thin films by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy has shown that both materials undergo similar photochemical transformation, with the process being faster in PC60BM, due to the greater curvature of the C60 cage. Comparing experimental FTIR, XPS and NEXAFS spectra of the photo-oxidized PC60BM thin films with the calculated spectra for a large variety of photo-oxidation products, it was found that dicarbonyl and anhydride groups attach to the C60 cage during photo-oxidation. The study of photo-oxidized TQ1:PC70BM blend films by spectroscopic and J-V measurements shows that deterioration of the charge transport in PC70BM is the major contributor to the device performance degradation. Kelvin Probe measurements demonstrated that the charge transport deterioration was due to upward band bending and gap states being formed on the surface of photo-oxidized PC70BM. The TQ1:PC70BM blends films were further studied by AFM-IR in order to determine the lateral distribution of pristine components, as well as the photo-oxidation products. It was found that anhydride oxidation products of PC70BM are equally distributed over the blend film surface. The PC70BM is replaced with the polymer N2200 in the blend with TQ1. The photostability in air of the blend and its neat components was studied by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The spectra show that thermal annealing improves the photostability in air of both components.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Moose Hunting Values in Sweden Now and Two Decades Ago : The Swedish Hunters Revisited
- 2011
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In: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 50:4, s. 515-530
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper is based on two national contingent valuation studies dealing with the extent and economic values of hunting in Sweden. The first valuation study was conducted in 1987 and the second in 2006. Both the game resource and the hunter community have undergone changes in the two decades covered by the surveys. An important purpose of the latter survey was to repeat relevant parts of the former one, which created a rare opportunity to compare valuations covering a very long time span. Moose hunting value and its determinants were compared between the two studies, showing that significant changes have taken place. Our analysis suggests caution in using results from old contingent valuation studies for e.g. benefits transfer exercises.
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