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- Cooke, Lynn Prince, et al.
(author)
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Labor and Love : Wives' Employment and Divorce Risk in its Socio-Political Context
- 2013
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In: Social Politics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1072-4745 .- 1468-2893. ; 20:4, s. 482-509
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-à-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment.
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- Eriksson Kirsch, Madeleine, et al.
(author)
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Taking turns : lesbian couples' decision of (first) birth mother in Sweden
- 2023
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In: Journal of Family Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1322-9400 .- 1839-3543. ; 29:4, s. 1865-1883
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article presents an analysis of how lesbian couples in Sweden negotiate birth motherhood in a context where equality is thought to be achieved by being and doing the same [Gullestad, M. (2002). Invisible fences: Egalitarianism, nationalism and racism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(1), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00098]. We do so by studying narratives of how 20 couples arrived at the decision of who will be the (first) birth mother, a decision unique to a small group of parents with theoretical implications for motherhood norms, kinship and within-couple decision-making extending beyond the couples themselves. Most couples interviewed planned to have two children and take turns carrying, a plan that to some extent solves the challenge of equality and sameness. Genetic links were downplayed and instead, the embodied and often desired experience of pregnancy was foregrounded. In deciding who would be the (first) birth mother, the couples' reasoning centred on age and desire, both presented as harmless and 'natural' determinants that defused a potentially disruptive decision.
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- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Division of Care and Leave Arrangements in Gay Father Families in Sweden
- 2023
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In: Sexuality Research & Social Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1868-9884 .- 1553-6610. ; 20:1, s. 242-256
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction This study analyses the division of parental leave and the income development in gay father families through surrogacy in Sweden, seen as one of the most family-friendly and egalitarian countries in the world.Methods Based on longitudinal population register data, descriptive and bivariate regression models are estimated to analyse the parental leave uptake and income development of married partners becoming (first-time) parents in 2006–2015 (in total 53 couples). Retrospective in-depth interviews with 23 gay men in 12 couples, conducted in 2010 and 2018 are analysed thematically to study how fathers discussed and decided how to divide the leave.Results The process of establishing legal parenthood delays the fathers’ access to reimbursed parental leave. Despite this, the fathers’ earnings were not considerably affected by the addition of a child to the family. Once the fathers had access to reimbursed leave, they generally shared this equally, with a tendency for the genetic father to take leave first and for a slightly longer period.Conclusions The fathers becoming parents via surrogacy arrangements are a well-off group, able to counter the negative financial consequences of becoming parents. Swedish family policies enable parents to share the leave equally. Less impacted by gender and parenthood norms creating difference between parents, gay father families are in a better position to realise ideals of shared care and sameness.Policy Implications The delayed access to reimbursed parental leave structures the ability of gay couples to become parents and contributes to class inequalities in the transition to parenthood.
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- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Economic Inequality and Housework
- 2010
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In: Dividing the Domestic.. - : Stanford University Press. - 9780804763578 ; , s. 105-122
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-
(author)
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Facets of Gender : Analyses of the Family and the Labour Market
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis contains four different studies on the dynamics of gender in households and workplaces. The relationship between family life and work life is in focus, particularly in the paper on labour market outcomes after divorce.In the introductory chapter, the Swedish context is briefly described. The description focuses on gender differences in the labour market and in the home. Theories concerning the division of work in the household are discussed, as are two theories on labour market discrimination, viz. taste discrimination and statistical discrimination. The theory part is concluded with a discussion of social closure processes and gendered organizational structures.The Reproduction of Gender. Housework and Attitudes Towards Gender Equality in the Home Among Swedish Boys and Girls. The housework boys and girls age 10 to 18 do, and their attitudes towards gender equality in the home are studied. One aim is to see whether the work children do is gendered and if so, whether they follow their parents’, often gendered, pattern in housework. A second aim is to see whether parents’ division of work is related to the children’s attitude towards gender equality in the home. The data used are taken from the Swedish Child Level of Living Survey (Child-LNU) 2000. Results indicate that girls and boys in two-parent families are more prone to engage in gender-atypical work the more their parent of the same sex engages in this kind of work. The fact that girls still do more housework than boys indicates that housework is gendered work also among children. No relation between parents’ division of work and the child’s attitude towards gender equality in the home was found. Dependence within Families and the Household Division of Labor – A Comparison between Sweden and the United States. This paper assesses the relative explanatory value of the resource-bargaining perspective and the doing-gender approach in analysing the division of housework in the United States and Sweden from the mid-1970s to 2000. Data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) were used. Overall results indicate that housework is truly gendered work in both countries during the entire period. Even so, the results also indicate that gender deviance neutralization is more pronounced in the United States than in Sweden. Unlike Swedish women, American women seem to increase their time spent in housework when their husbands are to some extent economically dependent on them, as if to neutralize the presumed gender deviance.Divorce and Labour Market Outcomes. Do Women Suffer or Gain? In this paper, the interconnected nature of work and family is studied by looking at labour market outcomes after divorce. The data used are retrospective work and family histories collected in LNU 1991. A hazard regression model with competing risks reveals that women’s chances of improving their occupational prestige appear to be better after divorce compared to before. Increased working hours and perhaps also increased energy invested in the job may pay off in better occupational opportunities. Worth noting, however, is that the outcome among women with a less firm labour market attachment is more often to a job of lower prestige than one of higher prestige. Hence, the labour market outcome for women after divorce is to some extent conditioned by their labour market attachment at the time of divorce. Men, on the other hand, in most cases seem to suffer occupationally from divorce. For separated men the risk of negative changes in occupational prestige is greater than for cohabiting men.Formal On-the-job Training. A Gender-Typed Experience and Wage- Related Advantage? Formal on-the-job training (FOJT) can have a positive impact on wages and on promotion opportunities. According to theory and earlier research, a two-step model of gender inequality in FOJT is predicted: First, women are less likely than men to take part in FOJT and, second, once women do get the more remunerative training, they are not rewarded for their new skills to the same extent as men are. Pooled cross-sectional data from the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions (ULF) in the mid-nineties were used. Results show that women are significantly less likely than men to take part in FOJT. Among those who do receive training, women are more likely to take part in industry-specific training, whereas men are more likely to participate in general training and training that increases promotion opportunities. The two latter forms of training significantly raise a man’s annual earnings but not a woman’s. Hence, the theoretical model is supported and it is argued that this gender inequality is partly due to employers’ discriminatory practices.
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| 8. |
- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Inledning
- 2014
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In: Ojämlikhetens dimensioner. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147111299 ; , s. 12-29
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 9. |
- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Is There a Career Penalty for Mothers' Time Out? A Comparison of Germany, Sweden and the United States
- 2009
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In: Social Forces. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 88:2, s. 573-606
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article focuses on three countries with distinct policies toward motherhood and work: Germany, Sweden and the United States. We analyze the length of mothers’ time out of paid work after childbirth and the short-term career consequences for mothers. In the United States, we identify a career punishment even for short time-out periods; long time-out periods increase the risk of a downward move and reduce the chances of an upward move. In Germany, long time-out periods destabilize the career and, the longer the leave, the greater the risk of either an upward or downward move. In Sweden, we find a negative effect of time out on upward moves. Hence, even in “woman-friendly” Sweden, women’s career prospects are better if they return to paid work sooner rather than later.
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| 10. |
- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Jämställdhet i hemmet : så fördelar unga vuxna hushålls- och omsorgsarbetet
- 2013
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In: Fokus 13. - Stockholm : Norstedts Juridik AB. - 9789185933730 ; , s. 146-166
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I Fokus13 beskriver Ungdomsstyrelsen jämställdhetssituationen för unga inom områdena utbildning och lärande, arbete och försörjning, hälsa och utsatthet, inflytande och representation samt kultur och fritid. Rapporten utgår från två stora enkätundersökningar, intervjuer med unga och en genomgång av tidigare studier. Man beskriver också förändringsarbete, med exempel på verksamheter som arbetar för ökad jämställdhet. Utifrån analysen ger Ungdomsstyrelsen förslag på hur arbetet kan utvecklas ytterligare framöver. Fokus13 är Ungdomsstyrelsens nionde tematiska analys inom ungdomspolitiken.
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