| 1. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, et al.
(author)
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A density functional theory study of magneto-electric Jones birefringence of noble gases, furan homologues, and mono-substituted benzenes
- 2013
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In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 139:19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on the results of a systematic ab initio study of the Jones birefringence of noble gases, of furan homologues, and of monosubstituted benzenes, in the gas phase, with the aim of analyzing the behavior and the trends within a list of systems of varying size and complexity, and of identifying candidates for a combined experimental/theoretical study of the effect. We resort here to analytic linear and nonlinear response functions in the framework of time-dependent density functional theory. A correlation is made between the observable (the Jones constant) and the atomic radius for noble gases, or the permanent electric dipole and a structure/chemical reactivity descriptor as the para Hammett constant for substituted benzenes.
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| 2. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, et al.
(author)
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A Polarization Propagator for Nonlinear X-ray Spectroscopies
- 2016
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In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. - : American Chemical Society. - 1948-7185. ; 7:11, s. 1991-1995
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A complex polarization propagator approach has been developed to third order and implemented in density functional theory (DFT), allowing for the direct calculation of nonlinear molecular properties in the X-ray wavelength regime without explicitly addressing the excited-state manifold. We demonstrate the utility of this propagator method for the modeling of coherent near-edge X-ray two-photon absorption using, as an example, DFT as the underlying electronic structure model. Results are compared with the corresponding near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra, illuminating the differences in the role of symmetry, localization, and correlation between the two spectroscopies. The ramifications of this new technique for nonlinear X-ray research are briefly discussed.
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| 3. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, et al.
(author)
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A QM/MM and QM/QM/MM study of Kerr, Cotton-Mouton and Jones linear birefringences in liquid acetonitrile
- 2018
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In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 20:5, s. 3831-3840
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- QM/MM and QM/QM/MM protocols are applied to the ab initio study of the three linear birefringences Kerr, Cotton-Mouton, and Jones, as shown by acetonitrile in the gas and pure liquid phases. The relevant first-order properties as well as linear, quadratic, and cubic frequency-dependent response functions were computed using time-dependent Kohn-Sham density-functional theory with use of the standard CAM-B3LYP functional. In the liquid phase, a series of room temperature (293.15 K) molecular dynamics snapshots were selected, for which averaged values of the observables were obtained at an optical wavelength of 632.8 nm. The birefringences were computed for electric and magnetic induction fields corresponding to the laboratory setup previously employed by T. Roth and G. L. J. A. Rikken in Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 85, 4478. Under these conditions, acetonitrile is shown to exhibit a weak Jones response-in fact roughly 6.5 times smaller than the limit of detection of the apparatus employed in the measurements mentioned above. A comparison is made with the corresponding gas-phase results and an assessment is made of the index of measurability, estimating the degree of overlap of the three birefringences in actual measurements. For acetonitrile, it is shown that this index is a factor of 3.6 and 6.7 larger than that of methylcyclopentadienyl-Mn-tricarbonyl and cyclohexadienyl-Fe-tricarbonyl, respectively-two compounds reported in Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 85, 4478 to exhibit a strong Jones signal.
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| 4. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, 1989-, et al.
(author)
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A QM/MM and QM/QM/MM study of Kerr, Cotton--Mouton and Jones linear birefringences in liquid acetonitrile
- 2017
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In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- QM/MM and QM/QM/MM protocols are applied to the ab initio study of the three linear bire-fringences Kerr, Cotton–Mouton, and Jones, as shown by acetonitrile in the gas and pureliquid phases. The relevant first-order properties as well as linear, quadratic, and cubicfrequency-dependent response functions were computed using time-dependent Kohn–Shamdensity-functional theory with use of the standard CAM-B3LYP functional. In the liquid phase,a series of room temperature (293.15 K) molecular dynamics snapshots were selected, for whichaveraged values of the observables were obtained at an optical wavelength of 632.8 nm. Thebirefringences were computed for electric and magnetic induction fields corresponding to the lab-oratory setup previously employed by Roth and Rikken in Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4478, (2000).Under these conditions, acetonitrile is shown to exhibit a weak Jones response — in fact roughly6.5 times smaller than the limit of detection of the apparatus employed in the measurementsmentioned above. A comparison is made with the corresponding gas-phase results and an as-sessment is made of the index of measureability, estimating the degree of overlap of the threebirefringences in actual measurements. For acetonitrile, it is shown that this index is a factorof 3.6 and 6.7 larger than that of methylcyclopentadienyl-Mn-tricarbonyl and cyclohexadienyl-Fe-tricarbonyl, respectively — two compounds reported in Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4478, (2000) to exhibita strong Jones signal.
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| 5. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, 1989-
(author)
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Derivation and application of response functions for nonlinear absorption and dichroisms
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis is titled ’Derivation and application of response functions for nonlinear absorption and dichroisms’ and was written by Tobias Fahleson at the Division of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden. It explores and expands upon theoretical means of quantifying a number of nonlinear spectroscopies, including two-photon absorption, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, Jones birefringence, and magnetic circular dichroism. Details are provided for the derivation and program implementation of complex-valued (damped) cubic response functions that have been implemented in the quantum chemistry package DALTON [1], based on working equations formulated for an approximate-state wave function. This is followed by an assessment of the implementation. It is demonstrated how two-photon absorption (TPA) can be described either through second-order transition moments or the damped cubic response function. A set of illustrative TPA profiles are produced for smaller molecules. In addition, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is explored in a similar manner as two-photon absorption. It is shown for small systems how RIXS spectra may be obtained using a reduced form of the cubic response function. Linear birefringences are investigated for noble gases, monosubstituted benzenes, furan homologues, and liquid acetonitrile. Regarding the noble gases, the Jones effect is shown to be proportional to a power series with respect to atomic radial sizes. For monosubstituted benzenes, a linear relation between the Jones birefringence and the empirical para-Hammett constant as well as the permanent electric dipole moment is presented. QM/MM protocols are applied for a pure acetonitrile liquid, including polarizable embedding and polarizable-density embedding models. The final chapter investigates magnetically induced circular dichroism (MCD). A question regarding relative stability of the first set of excited states for DNA-related molecular systems is resolved through MCD by exploiting the signed nature of circular dichroisms. Furthermore, to what extent solvent contributions affect MCD spectra and the effect on uracil MCD spectrum due to thionation is studied.
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| 6. |
- Fahleson, Tobias
(author)
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Development and characterization of damped cubic response functions with application to two-photon absorption
- 2015
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Molecular response to electromagnetic fields - static or optical - within a framework of perturbation theory diverges close to resonance with molecular transitionen energies, and need work-around solutions for real-valued response functions. This licentiate thesis deals with nonlinear response, with focus being on cubic polarizaibilities, and outlines the underlying mathematics for exact-state and approximatestate, complex-valued response functions applicable to quantum chemical computation. Such a complex-valued response theory is commonly known as dampedresponse theory, for which the response functions consists of a real and an imaginary component, each of them representing various spectroscopies in nature. In addition to the mathematics, the formulas have been implemented in the quantum chemical package DALTON, and several tests determining the integrity of the implementation has been conducted.The fourth and final major part of the thesis is concerned with applied nonlinear response theory, including not only cubic response functions, but also quadratic and linear response functions, some of which are of the more exotic character. Three spectroscopies have been investigated for small and medium-sized organic molecules and the neon atom: two-photon absorption (TPA), Jones birefringence (JB), and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD).The TPA part is a simple demonstration of capability of the damped cubic response code, for which neon is the example system. Perfect agreement is shown for the Ehrenfest approach and an independent implementation based on the quasienergy formalism.JB is an optical eect in which induced refractive anisotropy, by means of external electric and magnetic static elds, results in ellipticity of linearly polarized light beams. This part mainly discuss implications from a paper which the current author took part in. The paper ultimately attempts to indentify the general observable strength of the effect, and coincidentaly pin-point some particular system suitable for experiments. Among other finds, JB is found to be correlated to the electric dipole moment, and for monosubstituted benzenes, the para-Hammett constant.Finally, MCD is discussed based on three papers in which the present author is included. The elegant MCD solution to broad absorption peaks, for which it is desired to distinguish individual states, is demonstrated on adenine and three additional purine derivatives. A drawn out debate regarding relative stability of certain low-lying states could be settled by this method. Furthermore, appropriate description of solvation environment in conjunction with the exchange-correlation functionals B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP is investigated on purine and pyrimidine derivatives. CAM-B3LYP is found to be superior in terms of general prole shapes, while results regarding solvation model are rather inconclusive, although the results suggests some level of solvation model is appropriate, such as a polarizable continuum model or explicit solvation molecules.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, et al.
(author)
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Resonant-convergent second-order nonlinear response functions at the levels of Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham density functional theory
- 2017
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In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 147:14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The second-order nonlinear (or cubic) response function is derived from the Ehrenfest theorem with inclusion made of the finite lifetimes of the excited states, representing the extension of the derivation of the quadratic response function in the same framework [P. Norman et al., J. Chem. Phys. 123, 194103 (2005)]. The resulting damped response functions are physically sound and converging also in near-resonance and resonance regions of the spectrum. Being an accurate approximation for small complex frequencies (defined as the sum of an optical frequency and an imaginary damping parameter), the polynomial expansion of the complex cubic response function in terms of the said frequencies is presented and used to validate the program implementation. In terms of approximate state theory, the computationally tractable expressions of the damped cubic response function are derived and implemented at the levels of Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham density functional theory. Numerical examples are provided in terms of studies of the intensity-dependent refractive index of para-nitroaniline and the two-photon absorption cross section of neon. For the latter property, a numerical comparison is made against calculations of the square of two-photon matrix elements that are identified from a residue analysis of the resonance-divergent quadratic response function.
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| 9. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, et al.
(author)
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TD-DFT investigation of the magnetic circular dichroism spectra of some purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids
- 2015
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In: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215. ; 119:21, s. 5476-5489
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a computational study of the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra in the 200-300 nm wavelength region of purine and its derivative hypoxanthine, as well as of the pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids uracil, thymine, and cytosine, using the B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP functionals. Solvent effects are investigated within the polarizable continuum model and by inclusion of explicit water molecules. In general, the computed spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental ones, apart from some overall blue shifts. Both the pseudo-A term shape of the MCD spectra of the purines and the B term shape of the spectra of pyrimidine bases are reproduced. Our calculations also correctly reproduce the reversed phase of the MCD bands in purine compared to that of its derivatives present in nucleic acids. Solvent effects are sizable and system specific, but they do not in general alter the qualitative shape of the spectra. The bands are dominated by the bright π → π∗ transitions, and our calculations in solution nicely reproduce their energy differences, improving the estimates obtained in the gas phase. Shoulders are predicted for purine and uracil due to n → π∗ excitations, but they are too weak to be observed in the experiment.
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| 10. |
- Fahleson, Tobias, et al.
(author)
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The magnetic circular dichroism spectrum of the C-60 fullerene
- 2013
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In: Molecular Physics. - : Taylor and Francis: STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles. - 0026-8976 .- 1362-3028. ; 111:9-11, s. 1401-1404
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The magnetic circular dichroism spectrum of the C-60 fullerene has been determined with the use of Kohn-Sham density functional theory in conjunction with the CAM-B3LYP exchange-correlation functional. The experimental spectrum of Gasyna etal. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 183, 283 (1991)] covering the wavelength region above 200 nm is explained by the signal responses from the three lowest singlet states of T-1u symmetry.
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