| 1. |
- Flygare, Mattias, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Accurate determination of electrical conductance in carbon nanostructures
- 2022
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In: Materials Research Express. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 2053-1591. ; 9:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electrical characterization of nanostructures, such as nanotubes and wires, is a demanding task that is vital for future applications of nanomaterials. The nanostructures should ideally be analyzed in a free-standing state and also allow for other material characterizations to be made of the same individual nanostructures. Several methods have been used for electrical characterizations of carbon nanotubes in the past. The results are widely spread, both between different characterizations methods and within the same materials. This raises questions regarding the reliability of different methods and their accuracy, and there is a need for a measurement standard and classification scheme for carbon nanotube materials. Here we examine a two-probe method performed inside a transmission electron microscope in detail, addressing specifically the accuracy by which the electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes can be determined. We show that two-probe methods can be very reliable using a suitable thermal cleaning method of the contact points. The linear resistance of the outermost nanotube wall can thus be accurately determined even for the highest crystallinity materials, where the linear resistance is only a few kΩ/µm. The method can thereby by used as a valuable tool for future classification schemes of various nanotube material classes.
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| 2. |
- Flygare, Mattias, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Influence of crystallinity on the electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes
- 2021
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In: Carbon Trends. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0569. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The material properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes are highly sensitive to defects. Future exploitation of these materials will thereby rely on both a detailed understanding and classification schemes for material quality. Here we have used electron diffraction to measure the mean effective crystallite size of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes, while also probing their electrical resistance. At room temperature we find a drastic shift in linear resistance of two orders of magnitude at a critical grain size of about 11 nm, which we interpret as an effect from quantum confinement and edge effects in the individual crystallites. For the regions above and below the critical grain size value we suggest a scaling model for the electrical conductivity within a single layer of a multiwalled carbon nanotube which connects its electrical conductivity with the effective crystallite size and tube diameter.
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| 3. |
- Flygare, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Quantifying crystallinity in carbon nanotubes and its influence on mechanical behaviour
- 2019
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In: Materials Today Communications. - : Elsevier. - 2352-4928. ; 18, s. 39-45
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The different fabrication methods that have been developed for making carbon nanotubes will provide materials with different levels of crystallinity. As crystallinity is qualitatively known to have a profound influence on material properties, this raises the need for standardised quantitative analysis. Here we show how transmission electron microscopy can be used to provide quantitative information about effective crystallite sizes in individual nanotubes which we link to the mechanical behaviour of the tubes. The method relies on a thorough analysis of diffraction patterns and a careful extraction of instrumental and sample contributions to the peak shapes. We find that arc-discharge grown tubes have crystallite sizes that are comparable to the circumference of the outer tube walls, while commercial catalytically grown tubes have much smaller crystallites implying that each cylindrical nanotube wall can be thought of as a patchwork of small graphene-like grains. The clear differences in crystallite sizes are then compared to known differences in mechanical behaviour, such as a substantial disparity in stiffness and significantly different behaviours under bending stress.
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| 4. |
- Flygare, Mattias, 1978-
(author)
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The influence of crystallinity on the properties of carbon nanotubes
- 2021
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Carbon nanotubes have been advertised as a material with quite extraordinary properties, both mechanically and electrically. The truth is that carbon nanotubes is not one material, but several different. Depending on the method used to produce them, and consequently the quality of the atomic structure within their walls, their physical properties can also differ drastically. In this doctoral thesis a method was developed for quantifying the degree of order within the tubes' walls, namely their crystallinity, by using transmission electron microscopy. The method enables the characterization of the inherent properties of the tubes such as electrical conductivity and bending stiffness, alongside the determination of crystallinity, making it possible to quantify the influence of tube crystallinity on these critical properties. Furthermore, a model for electrical conduction in the outermost wall of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is suggested, enabling the determination of intrinsic quantities like the sheet resistance of individual crystallite grains within the walls and the boundaries in-between them. The studies reveal a profound shift in both mechanical and electrical behavior at a critical crystallite size, with large differences connected to production method, and even between individual tubes from the same production batch. These findings successfully explain previously seen differences and highlight the need for well-defined characterization techniques with protocols and classification systems, in order to successfully exploit the promising properties of carbon nanotubes in the future.
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| 5. |
- Hansson, Josef, 1991, et al.
(author)
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Effects of high temperature treatment of carbon nanotube arrays on graphite : Increased crystallinity, anchoring and inter-tube bonding
- 2020
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In: Nanotechnology. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0957-4484 .- 1361-6528. ; 31:45
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thermal treatment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can significantly improve their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties due to reduced defects and increased crystallinity. In this work we investigate the effect of annealing at 3000 degrees C of vertically aligned CNT arrays synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on graphite. Raman measurements show a drastically reduced amount of defects and, together with transmission electron microscope (TEM) diffraction measurements, an increased average crystallite size of around 50%, which corresponds to a 124% increase in Young's modulus. We also find a tendency for CNTs to bond to each other with van der Waals (vdW) forces, which causes individual CNTs to closely align with each other. This bonding causes a densification effect on the entire CNT array, which appears at temperatures >1000 degrees C. The densification onset temperature corresponds to the thermal decomposition of oxygen containing functional groups, which otherwise prevents close enough contact for vdW bonding. Finally, the remaining CVD catalyst on the bottom of the CNT array is evaporated during annealing, enabling direct anchoring of the CNTs to the underlying graphite substrate.
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| 6. |
- Jones, Robert P., et al.
(author)
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Patterns of Recurrence After Resection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma : A Secondary Analysis of the ESPAC-4 Randomized Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial
- 2019
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In: JAMA Surgery. - : AMER MEDICAL ASSOC. - 2168-6254 .- 2168-6262. ; 154:11, s. 1038-1048
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Importance: The patterns of disease recurrence after resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with adjuvant chemotherapy remain unclear.Objective: To define patterns of recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy and the association with survival.Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospectively collected data from the phase 3 European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer 4 adjuvant clinical trial, an international multicenter study. The study included 730 patients who had resection and adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Data were analyzed between July 2017 and May 2019.Interventions: Randomization to adjuvant gemcitabine or gemcitabine plus capecitabine.Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall survival, recurrence, and sites of recurrence.Results: Of the 730 patients, median age was 65 years (range 37-81 years), 414 were men (57%), and 316 were women (43%). The median follow-up time from randomization was 43.2 months (95% CI, 39.7-45.5 months), with overall survival from time of surgery of 27.9 months (95% CI, 24.8-29.9 months) with gemcitabine and 30.2 months (95% CI, 25.8-33.5 months) with the combination (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.98; P=.03). The 5-year survival estimates were 17.1% (95% CI, 11.6%-23.5%) and 28.0% (22.0%-34.3%), respectively. Recurrence occurred in 479 patients (65.6%); another 78 patients (10.7%) died without recurrence. Local recurrence occurred at a median of 11.63 months (95% CI, 10.05-12.19 months), significantly different from those with distant recurrence with a median of 9.49 months (95% CI, 8.44-10.71 months) (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01-1.45; P=.04). Following recurrence, the median survival was 9.36 months (95% CI, 8.08-10.48 months) for local recurrence and 8.94 months (95% CI, 7.82-11.17 months) with distant recurrence (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.73-1.09; P=.27). The median overall survival of patients with distant-only recurrence (23.03 months; 95% CI, 19.55-25.85 months) or local with distant recurrence (23.82 months; 95% CI, 17.48-28.32 months) was not significantly different from those with only local recurrence (24.83 months; 95% CI, 22.96-27.63 months) (P=.85 and P=.35, respectively). Gemcitabine plus capecitabine had a 21% reduction of death following recurrence compared with monotherapy (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64-0.98; P=.03).Conclusions and Relevance: There were no significant differences between the time to recurrence and subsequent and overall survival between local and distant recurrence. Pancreatic cancer behaves as a systemic disease requiring effective systemic therapy after resection.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00058201, EudraCT 2007-004299-38, and ISRCTN 96397434. This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial investigates patterns of recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer and the association with survival.
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| 7. |
- Kuzmenko, Volodymyr, 1987, et al.
(author)
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Cellulose-derived carbon nanofibers/graphene composite electrodes for powerful compact supercapacitors
- 2017
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In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 7:73, s. 45968-45977
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Herein, we demonstrate a unique supercapacitor composite electrode material that is originated from a sustainable cellulosic precursor via simultaneous one-step carbonization/reduction of cellulose/graphene oxide mats at 800 degrees C. The resulting freestanding material consists of mechanically stable carbon nanofibrous (CNF, fiber diameter 50-500 nm) scaffolds tightly intertwined with highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets with a thickness of 1-3 nm. The material is mesoporous and has electrical conductivity of 49 S cm(-1), attributed to the well-interconnected graphene layers. The electrochemical evaluation of the CNF/graphene composite electrodes in a supercapacitor device shows very promising volumetric values of capacitance, energy and power density (up to 46 F cm(-3), 1.46 W h L-1 and 1.09 kW L-1, respectively). Moreover, the composite electrodes retain an impressive 97% of the initial capacitance over 4000 cycles. With these superior properties, the produced composite electrodes should be the "looked-for" components in compact supercapacitors used for increasingly popular portable electronics and hybrid vehicles.
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| 8. |
- Kuzmenko, Volodymyr, 1987, et al.
(author)
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Hierarchical cellulose- derived CNF/CNT composites for electrostatic energy storage
- 2016
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In: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6439 .- 0960-1317. ; 26:12, s. 124001-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Today many applications require new effective approaches for energy delivery on demand. Supercapacitors are viewed as essential energy storage devices that can continuously provide quick energy. The performance of supercapacitors is mostly determined by electrode materials that can store energy via electrostatic charge accumulation. This study presents new sustainable cellulose-derived composite electrodes which consist of carbon nanofibrous (CNF) mats covered with vapor-grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNF/CNT electrodes have high electrical conductivity and surface area: the two most important features that are responsible for good electrochemical performance of supercapacitor electrodes. The results show that the composite electrodes have fairly high values of specific capacitance (101 F g(-1) at 5 mV s(-1)), energy and power density (10.28 W h kg(-1) and 1.99 kW kg(-1), respectively, at 1 A g(-1)) and can retain excellent performance over at least 2000 cycles (96.6% retention). These results indicate that sustainable cellulose-derived composites can be extensively used in the future as supercapacitor electrodes.
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