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| 2. |
- Lestelius, Magnus, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Fiberförstärkta polymerer för 3D-utskrivna laminat, ES3D
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Projektet Fiberförstärkta polymerer för 3D-utskrivna laminat (ES3D) var ett samarbete mellan Karlstads universitet och The Wood Region. Syftet var att åstadkomma nya metoder och öka kunskapen kring 3D-utskrivna strukturer med blandningar av termoplaster och sågspån. Genom att öka styrkan i det 3D-utskrivna biobaserade och nedbrytbara materialet kan hållbarhetsmässiga fördelar uppnås. Den enskilda trådens styrka avsågs ökas genom att använda längre spån och rikta dem i utskriftsriktningen. Adhesionen mellan de utskrivna lagren skulle förbättras genom kontrollerad temperatur och s.k. coronabehandling.ES3D har resulterat i en metod för att kunna testa 3D-utskrivna prov i dragprovare för mekanisk karakterisering, som sedankan användas för att jämföra olika materialsammansättningar och tillverkningssätt.Sortering av sågspån, i olika storleksfraktioner, har genomförts med både maskinell rotationssorterare och sållning. Resultatet av den maskinella sorteringen var inte tillräckligt precis för att producera sågspånsfraktioner som kunde användas för ovanstående mål.Ökad adhesion mellan lager med temperaturkontroll eller coronabehandling, har ej kunnat prövas ordentligt, p.g.a. otillräcklig temperaturkontroll, samt att en teknisk lösning för coronabehandling ej fanns.
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| 4. |
- Sandberg, Maria, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Forest Industrial Waste Materials Upgraded to Fertilizer Pellets for Forest Soil
- 2024
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In: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 16:7, s. 2868-2868
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a circular economy, the efficient utilization of all materials as valuable resources, with a focus on minimizing waste, is paramount. This study shows the possibilities of upgrading the lowest-valued residuals from the forest industry into a new product with both liming and fertilizing properties on forest soil. Hydrothermal carbonized sludge mixed with bark and ash in the proportions of 45:10:45 was densified into fertilizer pellets that meet the nutrient requirements of 120 kg N per hectare when 7 tons of pellets is spread in forests. The pellets met a high-quality result according to durability and density, which were above 95% and 900 kg/m3. However, pellets exposed to wet and cold conditions lost their hardness, making the pellets dissolve over time. Small amounts, <5‰, of nutrients, alkali ions, and heavy metals leached out from the pellets under all conditions, indicating good properties for forest soil amendment. The conclusion is that it is possible to close the circle of nutrients by using innovative thinking around forest industrial residual products.
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- Anukam, Anthony, et al.
(author)
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A review of the mechanism of bonding in densified biomass pellets
- 2021
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In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 148
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The production of durable biomass pellets have always been challenged by several factors including the lack of understanding of the mechanism involved in how particles combine to form pellets under standard conditions of the pellet press. This is because contributing factors span several molecular, microscopic, and even nanoscopic levels as biomass undergoes pelleting. The characteristics of the bonds formed between the combining particles and their relevance to the quality of pellets remains vague, no matter how quality is defined. However, even though few researchers have attempted to explain the mechanism of bonding in densified biomass pellets using different theories, none of their hypotheses supports particle bonding from a structural chemistry perspective. There are still no clear explanations which consider the role of molecular structure and the interactions of substances as milled biomass undergo pelleting. In view of these arguments therefore, this review presents an in-depth analysis of a structural chemistry perspective of the mechanism of bonding and the use of additives in densified biomass pellets and helps identify research areas needed to facilitate better understanding of bonding in densified biomass pellets. The status of current research in biomass pelleting, types of materials suitable as additives and their structural characteristics, as well as the current technical specifications of using additives are also discussed.
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- Anukam, Anthony Ike, et al.
(author)
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Characterization of pure and blended pellets made from Norway spruce and pea starch : A comparative study of bonding mechanism relevant to quality
- 2019
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In: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 12:23, s. 1-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mechanism of bonding in biomass pellets is such a complex event to comprehend, as the nature of the bonds formed between combining particles and their relevance to pellet quality are not completely understood. In this study, pure and blended biomass pellets made from Norway spruce and pea starch were characterized using advanced analytical instruments able to provide information beyond what is visible to the human eye, with intent to investigate differences in bonding mechanism relevant to quality. The results, which were comprehensively interpreted from a structural chemistry perspective, indicated that, at a molecular level, the major disparity in bonding mechanism between particles of the pellets and the quality of the pellets, defined in terms of strength and burning efficiency, were determined by variation in the concentration of polar functional groups emanating from the major organic and elemental components of the pellets, as well as the strength of the bonds between atoms of these groups. Microscopic-level analysis, which did not provide any clear morphological features that could be linked to incongruity in quality, showed fracture surfaces of the pellets and patterns of surface roughness, as well as the mode of interconnectivity of particles, which were evidence of the production of pellets with dissimilarities in particle bonding mechanism and visual appearance.
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| 9. |
- Anukam, Anthony, et al.
(author)
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Improving the understanding of the bonding mechanism of primary components of biomass pellets through the use of advanced analytical instruments
- 2020
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In: Journal of wood chemistry and technology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0277-3813 .- 1532-2319. ; 40:1, s. 15-32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous studies have attempted to explain forces holding particles together in densified biomass pellets using theories of forces of attraction between solid particles, forces of adhesion and cohesion, solid bridges and mechanical interlocking bonds including interfacial forces and capillary pressure. This study investigated the bonding mechanism of primary biomass components in densified pellets through the use of advanced analytical instruments able to go beyond what is visible to the naked eye. Data obtained were used to predict how primary biomass components combine to form pellets based on the theory of functional groups and the understanding of structural chemistry. Results showed that hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups played key roles in helping to identify the type of forces acting between individual particles, at a molecular level. At a microscopic level, morphological examination of the pellet clearly showed solid bridges caused by intermolecular bonding from highly electronegative polar functional groups linked to cellulose and hemicellulose.
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| 10. |
- Berghel, Jonas, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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A comparison of relevant data and results from single pellet press research is Mission Impossible : A review
- 2022
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In: Bioresource Technology Reports. - : Elsevier. - 2589-014X. ; 18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A global increase in the wood fuel pellet market requires knowledge of new biomasses pelleting abilities. As large-scale industrial tests of new materials are costly, tests in e.g., a single pellet press (SPP) are desirable. SPPs have many different configurations and it typically produces one pellet at a time and can give results of its pelletability. This review has surveyed the research that has been carried out of SPPs to ascertain the feasibility of comparing their obtained data and the results. The results show that it is almost impossible to compare the data and results of the various different SPP studies, e.g., some information from the data used was missing, resulting in that only 27 out of 70 papers were comparable. One solution could be the introduction of a common SPP testing method using a determined set of data that enables a reference pellet to be produced in every study.
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