| 1. |
- Archetti, Joao Antonio Guedes, et al.
(author)
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Real time validation of a control system for microgrids with distributed generation and storage resources
- 2023
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In: Electric power systems research. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7796 .- 1873-2046. ; 223
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Faced with a scenario in which the increase in renewable energy generated near consumer centers can cause problems for the operation of the electrical network, the present work proposes a real-time simulation model for automation and control systems of electrical distribution networks with microgrids, distributed generation, and storage resources. The proposed model consists of a hardware-in-the-loop control with the aid of a simulation tool in conjunction with a Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and considers the dynamic behavior of switched elements and inverters. A communication platform using TCP/IP protocol between RTDS (power system) and MatLab/Simulink (optimization algorithms) allows the operation of the network in grid-connected and islanded mode, guaranteeing the computational time for experimental implementation. For the first mode, an algorithm is proposed to solve an optimal dispatch energy storage system problem. Second mode, an algorithm is proposed to solve a load shedding problem. The objective is to operate the microgrids optimally and evaluate the performance of a storage system based on real data from the state of Parana, in Brazil. Results show that the optimization algorithms are experimentally applicable, obtaining reasonable computational time to find optimal solutions and an assertive decision-making to meet the objectives. Thus, the proposed framework is a potential tool to validate algorithms for active management of microgrids in real-time simulation.
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| 2. |
- de Barros, Thiago Ribeiro, et al.
(author)
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Optimization algorithm associated with local and coordinated controls of distributed energy resources to meet technical and economic criteria
- 2024
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In: Electric power systems research. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7796 .- 1873-2046. ; 226
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present work proposes the development of a simulation platform that integrates the PSCAD software with python language, capable of portraying realistic and dynamic characteristics of the operation of an electrical system with high insertion of DERs. This work considers a scenario with high insertion of alternative sources, which are characterized by intermittent conditions of generation and consumption, therefore causing technical-economic challenges in the operation of the network. In this way, an electrical network will be created with photovoltaic systems, electric vehicles and batterys, in addition to local, coordinated and optimization controls. Local and coordinated controls act on network undervoltage and overvoltage problems. The optimized control, created in Python and based on a Predictive Control Model, determines the optimal operating curve for the batterys, reducing the energy cost of the system, being activated when the network does not present technical problems. Results showed a reduction of more than 16% in the energy cost of the network when enabling the optimized control, keeping the voltage profiles within regulatory limits. Thus, the proposed platform manages to carry out the technical-economic monitoring of the network, becoming a promising tool for the creation of active network management algorithms in dynamic simulations.
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| 3. |
- Archetti, Joao A. G., et al.
(author)
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Hardware-in-the-Loop Volt-Watt and Volt-VAr Control for Distribution Systems with High Penetration of Renewables
- 2023
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In: Journal of Control Automation and Electrical Systems. - : Springer Nature. - 2195-3880 .- 2195-3899. ; 34:1, s. 177-188
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This work aims to validate in control hardware in the loop (CHIL) simulations new voltage profile control strategies in distribution systems with different levels of photovoltaic penetration. The proposed control is implemented through intelligent inverters with control functions that act through voltage sensitivity. The Volt-VAr (V-V) and Volt-Watt (V-W) functions act in the local voltage control being implemented in a complementary way. The simulations are performed in real time, using the real-time digital simulator. Residential load profiles, solar irradiance and temperature curves are discretized hourly over a daily period, with the intention of making the emulation more realistic. Voltage source converters were implemented in RSCAD software. The contribution of this article points to the performance of the Volt-Watt (V-W) control function in single-stage inverters, which allows the maximum generation of instantaneous active power, acting directly on the maximum power point tracking algorithm, this strategy being validated by the CHIL simulation. The results show that the Volt-VAr and Volt-Watt control functions, acting at different levels of photovoltaic penetration, were effective in preventing the voltage profiles from violating the critical level imposed by the regulatory standard. Leading to the conclusion that its implementation directly in photovoltaic inverters entails a low cost and a complementary solution for the new challenges of electrical systems.
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| 4. |
- Mayrink Jr, Sergio, et al.
(author)
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Regenerative Braking for Energy Recovering in Diesel-Electric Freight Trains : A Technical and Economic Evaluation
- 2020
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In: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 13:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present work evaluates the application of regenerative braking for energy recovery in diesel-electric freight trains to increase efficiency and to improve decarbonization. The energy from regenerative braking has to be stored onboard when the track is not electrified. Different technologies of energy recovery are presented and discussed. The energy balance of an existing route is presented and simulated for different battery sizes. The analysis is illustrated with experimental data from an important Brazilian railway. Results show that the energy recovery from regenerative brake is a feasible investment and may be recommended to increase the efficiency in transportation and also to improve the low carbon mobility in railway systems.
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| 5. |
- Silva Júnior, Dalmo C., et al.
(author)
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Control of Smart Inverters with Automated Decisions in Microgrid
- 2023
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In: Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems. - : Springer. - 2195-3880 .- 2195-3899. ; 34, s. 1028-1042
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article, a smart inverter model that executes ancillary services with automated decisions is presented, such as powersharing and voltage and frequency stabilization, compensation of unbalance voltage, mitigation of harmonic content, and thebalance of generation and demand. The droop control was utilized for power-sharing between the distributed generations; themitigation of negative-sequence voltage is used for unbalanced voltage compensation, and finally, a feed-forward current isadopted for harmonic compensation. Therefore, the smart inverter was controlled through a supervisory system, identifyingwhich ancillary function to activate at certain times. Results show the successful operation of the system and can be used asvalidation of the proposed control strategies, including the automated decisions in the microgrid
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| 6. |
- Fernandes, Daniel Leocádio, et al.
(author)
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Distributed control on a multi-agent environment co-simulation for DC bus voltage control
- 2024
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In: Electric power systems research. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7796 .- 1873-2046. ; 232
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Distributed control on a multi-agent format in co-simulation environment has been conceived in a client/server architecture for controlling a series of devices connected to a Direct Current (DC) bus. The implemented system aims for providing the communication infrastructure required for connecting the whole co-simulation environment. Power converters interact via a communication infrastructure orchestrated by a multi-agent system whose algorithm has been built for the proposed scenario. A virtual small village is supplied by a DC power system endowed by some photovoltaic arrays and energy storage by a battery bank. The use of Python, socket Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Power Simulator (PSIM) with appropriate adaptation is meant to build the system in a lighter computational environment. The interaction among agents helped the co-simulation with a distributed control to maintain the DC bus stable in 180 Vdc and battery voltage oscillating within the state of charge (SoC) range, 99% and 97%, of 144 Vdc fed by a photovoltaic array under the coordination of the multi-agent system.
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| 7. |
- Martins Mattos, Marina, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of voltage control using V2G technology to support low voltage distribution networks
- 2024
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In: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1751-8687 .- 1751-8695. ; 18:6, s. 1133-1157
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The V2G technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.image
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| 8. |
- Silva Junior, Dalmo C., et al.
(author)
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Control of a multi-functional inverter in an AC microgrid - Real-time simulation with control hardware in the loop
- 2019
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In: Electric power systems research. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0378-7796 .- 1873-2046. ; 172, s. 201-212
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper proposes the implementation of a multi-functional inverter, which was simulated with three ancillary functions. The first function is a Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) for harmonic content mitigation, the second is a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) to show the effective regulation of voltage and frequency, and finally, power management in AC microgrids. The multi-functional converter is responsible for the integration of a PV-Battery system (distributed generation) on the AC grid. Furthermore, Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and dSPACE have been used to analyze the performance and control of such multi-functional inverter when added to an AC microgrid. Results demonstrate the operation of the system and can be used as validation of the proposed control strategies through a Hardware In the Loop (HIL) simulation.
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| 9. |
- Anttila, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Grid Forming inverters : A review of the state of the art of key elements for microgrid operation
- 2022
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In: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 15:15
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the past decade, inverter-integrated energy sources have experienced rapid growth, which leads to operating challenges associated with reduced system inertia and intermittent power generation, which can cause instability and performance issues of the power system. Improved control schemes for inverters are necessary to ensure the stability and resilience of the power system. Grid-forming inverters dampen frequency fluctuations in the power system, while grid-following inverters can aggravate frequency problems with increased penetration. This paper aims at reviewing the role of grid-forming inverters in the power system, including their topology, control strategies, challenges, sizing, and location. In order to facilitate continued research in this field, a comprehensive literature review and classification of the studies are conducted, followed by research gaps and suggestions for future studies.
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| 10. |
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