| 1. |
- Boen, Rune, et al.
(author)
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Beyond the global brain differences : intraindividual variability differences in 1q21.1 distal and 15q11.2 bp1-bp2 deletion carriers
- 2024
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 95:2, s. 147-160
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Carriers of the 1q21.1 distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 copy number variants exhibit regional and global brain differences compared with noncarriers. However, interpreting regional differences is challenging if a global difference drives the regional brain differences. Intraindividual variability measures can be used to test for regional differences beyond global differences in brain structure.Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging data were used to obtain regional brain values for 1q21.1 distal deletion (n = 30) and duplication (n = 27) and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion (n = 170) and duplication (n = 243) carriers and matched noncarriers (n = 2350). Regional intra-deviation scores, i.e., the standardized difference between an individual's regional difference and global difference, were used to test for regional differences that diverge from the global difference.Results: For the 1q21.1 distal deletion carriers, cortical surface area for regions in the medial visual cortex, posterior cingulate, and temporal pole differed less and regions in the prefrontal and superior temporal cortex differed more than the global difference in cortical surface area. For the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion carriers, cortical thickness in regions in the medial visual cortex, auditory cortex, and temporal pole differed less and the prefrontal and somatosensory cortex differed more than the global difference in cortical thickness.Conclusions: We find evidence for regional effects beyond differences in global brain measures in 1q21.1 distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 copy number variants. The results provide new insight into brain profiling of the 1q21.1 distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 copy number variants, with the potential to increase understanding of the mechanisms involved in altered neurodevelopment.
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| 2. |
- Håberg, Karin, 1983-
(author)
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Membrane-remodeling by SNX18 in endosomal transport and autophagy
- 2012
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The intracellular space of eukaryotic cells is subdivided into functionally distinct membrane-enclosed organelles. Regulation of these intracellular membranes requires an intricate network of specialized lipids and proteins that maintain organellar integrity and mediate transport between organelles. Proteins of the sorting nexin (SNX) family are membrane-binding regulators of transport events within the endomembrane system. The endomembrane system includes organelles associated with endocytic, secretory and degradative processes in the cell. The aims of this thesis were to functionally characterize SNX18 and SNX33, members of the SNX9-subfamily of sorting nexins, and to elucidate the role of SNX18 in autophagy. We demonstrated that all three proteins in the SNX9-family are capable of both membrane binding and remodeling, and interact with the membrane scission enzyme dynamin. We found that SNX18 localizes to endosomal structures in the endomembrane system, together with several identified factors previously described as regulators of endosomal transport. These results indicate that SNX18 mediates budding of membrane carriers in endosomal trafficking. In addition to this, knockdown of SNX18 in cultured cells was found to inhibit autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic process by which cells degrade and recycle cellular components. It is a cellular response to various stress conditions such as oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation and infections. The components destined for degradation by autophagy are sequestered into a double-membrane structure called the autophagosome in which they are delivered to the lysosome. SNX18 interacts directly with proteins connected to autophagosome formation. Moreover, we demonstrated that the membrane-remodeling capability of SNX18 is a prerequisite for autophagosome formation. Taken together, our results lead to the conclusions that SNX18 remodels cellular membranes during formation of carriers for endosomal transport and that it is a positive regulator of autophagy and autophagosome formation.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Knævelsrud, Helene, et al.
(author)
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Membrane remodeling by the PX-BAR protein SNX18 promotes autophagosome formation
- 2013
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In: Journal of Cell Biology. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 0021-9525 .- 1540-8140. ; 202:2, s. 331-349
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The membrane remodeling events required for autophagosome biogenesis are still poorly understood. Because PX domain proteins mediate membrane remodeling and trafficking, we conducted an imaging-based siRNA screen for autophagosome formation targeting human PX proteins. The PX-BAR protein SNX18 was identified as a positive regulator of autophagosome formation, and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue SH3PX1 was found to be required for efficient autophagosome formation in the larval fat body. We show that SNX18 is required for recruitment of Atg16L1-positive recycling endosomes to a perinuclear area and for delivery of Atg16L1- and LC3-positive membranes to autophagosome precursors. We identify a direct interaction of SNX18 with LC3 and show that the pro-autophagic activity of SNX18 depends on its membrane binding and tubulation capacity. We also show that the function of SNX18 in membrane tubulation and autophagy is negatively regulated by phosphorylation of S233. We conclude that SNX18 promotes autophagosome formation by virtue of its ability to remodel membranes and provide membrane to forming autophagosomes.
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| 5. |
- Knævelsrud, Helene, et al.
(author)
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The membrane-remodeling PX-BAR protein SNX18 is required for autophagy
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Autophagy is a catabolic pathway targeting cytoplasmic material for lysosomal degradation,thereby protecting cells from accumulation of toxic components and enabling cells to survivescarce nutrient supplies. Macroautophagy is characterized by the sequestration of cytoplasmicmaterial into double-membrane vesicles, but the membrane remodeling events required forformation of autophagic vesicles are still not completely understood. However, the class IIIphosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Vps34 complex and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate(PI3P) are of core importance to induction of autophagy. Since PX domain containingproteins are known to bind PI3P and other phosphoinositides and mediate membraneremodeling and trafficking events, we performed an imaging-based siRNA screen targetingPX domain proteins using formation of GFP-LC3 positive autophagosomes as a read-out.The PX-BAR protein SNX18 was found to strongly inhibit autophagosome formation. In linewith this, overexpression of SNX18 increased LC3 lipidation and GFP-LC3 spot formationand we demonstrate that membrane binding of SNX18 is required for efficientautophagosome formation. Moreover, SNX18 colocalizes and interacts with the autophagyassociatedproteins LC3 and TBK1. Our study identified the PX-BAR protein SNX18 to beinvolved in membrane events required for autophagosome formation.
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