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| 2. |
- Carstensen, Gunilla, 1964-
(author)
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Sexuella trakasserier finns nog i en annan värld : Konstruktioner av ett (o)giltigt problem
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The focus of this dissertation is how gender, heterosexuality and sexual harassment are constructed in an academic setting, based on in-depth interviews with 15 female PhD-students on how they talk about, understand and interpret experiences of gender and sexual harassment in academia. In the first part of the analysis, the informants’ own descriptions of their academic contexts are studied. The second part of the analysis addresses the question of how gender is produced, constructed, created through meanings of being a researcher. The analysis shows that an individualising perspective reproduces two sets of assumptions simultaneously: the assumption of equality between women and men, and the assumption of gender difference. The third part of the analysis focuses on sexual harassment. At a level of principle, sexual harassment is constructed as both defined by subjective standards, and on the other hand objective standards, just like the Swedish official definition on sexual harassment. When the women are talking about their own experiences of sexualization in academia, sexual harassment as a frame of reference is made invalid through following frames of interpretation: for example, notions of the female harassed victim, notions of the male harasser, alcohol, the level of violence/coercion, frequency and notions of the legitimate victim. When all these frames for interpretation are considered together, the space for drawing a boundary and naming something as sexual harassment seems to be minimal. The informants’ use of sexual harassment as a concept is partly informed by the assumed gender neutrality of the professional order and partly by what are culturally expected interactions between women and men. Finally, the contextual analysis shows that due to a double meaning of the Swedish gender equality discourse, sexual harassment tends to become “everything” and “nothing” at the same time. This opens up for invalidations of sexual harassment as a valid problem in the academic setting.
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- Hammarström, Gunhild
(author)
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Begreppet solidaritet i generationsstudier - en kritisk diskussion
- 1994
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In: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:3, s. 23-43
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Solidarity in intergenerational studies - a concept under debateIn intergenerational studies the concept of ’solidarity’ has been crucial in analyses of the relations between the generations. The concept of ’solidarity’ is based on Durkheim’s concept of ’mechanic solidarity’, and is developed out of theories about cohesion in small groups presuming connections between contact, affection and value similarity. The concept of ’intergenerational solidarity’ is assumed to be a single higher-order construct of various dimensions correlated with each other. Some earlier empirical studies fail to support these presumptions, which in spite of this has not led to a critical discussion, or reconsideration of the theoretical presumptions of this concept. The purpose of this presentation is to put the concept of ’intergenerational solidarity’ under debate in the light of these earlier results and of empirical results from a Swedish survey conducted in three family generations. The survey includes two parent generations; one older and one middle-aged, and two child generations; the middle-aged ones and one younger generation, totally 888 subjects between 15 and 97 years of age. The analyses show that presumed connections between the various solidarity dimensions are lacking. The lack of correlations refer especially to the parent generations, and to a lesser degree to the child generations, which might be explained by the asymmetric relationship between parents and children. Theoretically, this lack of correlation might be due to its origin in small group theory and its presumption of voluntary group membership. Family and kinship relations are not voluntary, and as intergenerational relationships are asymmetric, it would be difficult to find a unitary and higher-order concept suitable for both parents and children. The analysis suggests that Durkheim’s concept of ’mechanic solidarity’ does not apply to family and kinship relations. The conclusion is that some of the theoretical presumptions concerning the concept of ’intergenerational solidarity’ are not applicable to family and kinship relations. As an alternative to the concept of ’solidarity’, Weber’s concepts of Vergemeinschaftung and Vergesellschaftung are suggested.
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| 6. |
- Hammarström, Gunhild, et al.
(author)
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Being, feeling and acting : A qualitative study of Swedish home-help care recipients' understandings of dependence and independence
- 2010
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In: Journal of Aging Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0890-4065 .- 1879-193X. ; 24:2, s. 75-87
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article contributes to the debate on dependence and independence through a study of how a group of 29 cognitively healthy Swedish home-help care recipients between the ages of 77 and 93 perceive their situation. Two overall themes with regards to how the constructs of dependence and independence are understood were found. One of them concerns how being in need of help can be justified (i.e. the why of receiving help) and the other how the very situation of being in need of help and care can be regarded (i.e. the how of receiving help). The study reveals a clear distinction between receiving help and care and feeling dependent, as well as between receiving help and care and being able to remain an active agent. On the basis of these findings we argue for the fruitfulness of distinguishing between ‘being’, ‘feeling’ and ‘acting’ as aspects of dependence and independence.
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| 8. |
- Hammarström, Gunhild, et al.
(author)
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Being in need of help and being dependent are two different things : Understandings of dependency and independence among Swedish home-help care recipients
- 2006
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In: Abstracts.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Knowledge on elderly people’s understandings of dependence and independence is relatively scarce even though there is plenty of gerontological research on related topics, such as being in need of help and assistance, diminished everyday competence and autonomy. This means that, although we know how to measure different types of dependency (i.e. structural, physical, behavioral etc.), we know, in fact, very little about how elderly people, who are deemed to be dependent by such measurements, define dependency, independence and autonomy. This study focuses therefore on home-help care recipients’ understandings of these constructs in order to shed light on how elderly people that are — according to welfare state policies and home-help care programs — regarded as dependent make sense of their situation. Our findings, which stress the variability of the social construction of dependency and independence that these elders uphold, show how elderly people differentiate between being in need of help and assistance — which is in the literature often equated with being dependent— and being independent and autonomous. Through the separation of aspects of these understandings as antecedents (i.e. the reason why one is in need of help and assistance) and state (i.e. being independent and autonomous), these home-help care recipients are able to disregard their dependency when constructing themselves as autonomous and able selves.
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| 9. |
- Hammarström, Gunhild, et al.
(author)
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Beroende eller oberoende? : En kvalitativ studie av hur äldre hjälptagare ser på att ha hjälp och stöd
- 2007
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In: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 44:1, s. 30-51
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Dependency or independence? A qualitative study of how elderly home-help recipients regard having help and supportKnowledge on elderly people’s understandings of dependence and independence is relatively scarce even though there is plenty of gerontological research on related topics. Although we know how to define and measure different types of dependency, we know, in fact, very little about how elderly home-help recipients themselves regard their situation in terms of dependency, independence and autonomy. This article aims to shed light on home-help recipients’ understandings of these constructs and on how they make sense of their situation. The analysis is based on 29 semi-structured interviews with people between the ages of 77 and 93. The findings show how these home help recipients differentiate between having help and support and being dependent on other people. Through the separation of aspects of these understandings, such as the reason why they accept help and support and how they regard the situation of being helped and assisted, three ways of regarding the situation have been identified, which stress the variability of the social construction of dependency and independence that these elders uphold. Some home-help recipients construct themselves as independent, others as autonomous and able selves, while a third group construct themselves as powerless.
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