| 1. |
- Carstensen, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Factors regulating the coastal nutrient filter in the Baltic Sea
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 49:6, s. 1194-1210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The coastal zone of the Baltic Sea is diverse with strong regional differences in the physico-chemical setting. This diversity is also reflected in the importance of different biogeochemical processes altering nutrient and organic matter fluxes on the passage from land to sea. This review investigates the most important processes for removal of nutrients and organic matter, and the factors that regulate the efficiency of the coastal filter. Nitrogen removal through denitrification is high in lagoons receiving large inputs of nitrate and organic matter. Phosphorus burial is high in archipelagos with substantial sedimentation, but the stability of different burial forms varies across the Baltic Sea. Organic matter processes are tightly linked to the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Moreover, these processes are strongly modulated depending on composition of vegetation and fauna. Managing coastal ecosystems to improve the effectiveness of the coastal filter can reduce eutrophication in the open Baltic Sea.
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| 2. |
- Cosens, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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Governing complexity : Integrating science, governance, and law to manage accelerating in the commons
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 118:36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The speed and uncertainty of environmental change in the Anthropocene challenge the capacity of coevolving social-ecological-technological systems (SETs) to adapt or transform to these changes. Formal government and legal structures further constrain the adaptive capacity of our SETs. However, new, selforganized forms of adaptive governance are emerging at multiple scales in natural resource-based SETs. Adaptive governance involves the private and public sectors as well as formal and informal institutions, self-organized to fill governance gaps in the traditional roles of states. While new governance forms are emerging, they are not yet doing so rapidly enough to match the pace of environmental change. Furthermore, they do not yet possess the legitimacy or capacity needed to address disparities between the winners and losers from change. These emergent forms of adaptive governance appear to be particularly effective in managing complexity. We explore governance and SETs as coevolving complex systems, focusing on legal systems to understand the potential pathways and obstacles to equitable adaptation. We explore how governments may facilitate the emergence of adaptive governance and promote legitimacy in both the process of governance despite the involvement of nonstate actors, and its adherence to democratic values of equity and justice. To manage the contextual nature of the results of change in complex systems, we propose the establishment of long-term study initiatives for the coproduction of knowledge, to accelerate learning and synergize interactions between science and governance and to foster public science and epistemic communities dedicated to navigating transitions to more just, sustainable, and resilient futures.
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| 3. |
- Eckerberg, Katarina, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Miljøinstituttene i Norge : Hovedrapport
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Norges forskningsråd har startet en omfattende evaluering av alle forskningsinstitutter som er underlagt Retningslinjer for statlig basisfinansiering. Denne evalueringen er den første i denne runden, og omfatter de åtte instituttene som utgjør miljøarenaen i basisfinansieringssystemet.Utvalget har både vurdert instituttene enkeltvis og sett på det samlede systemet som instituttene inngår i. Hensikten med evalueringen har både vært å gi råd for utforming av nasjonal instituttpolitikk, gi grunnlag for videre utvikling av Forskningsrådets virkemidler og å være til nytte for instituttene selv i deres eget utviklings- og strategiarbeid.Arbeidet med evalueringen har pågått fra mai 2014 til april 2015. I løpet av denne tiden har utvalget hatt fem møter, hvorav én samling hvor utvalget møtte alle instituttene. Som bakgrunn for evalueringen har utvalget hatt instituttenes egenevalueringer, en egen brukerundersøkelse, en faktarapport samt en rekke opplysninger som er skaffet til veie underveis ved hjelp av Forskningsrådet og Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning (NIFU). NIFU har også vært sekretær for arbeidet ved forskningsleder Espen Solberg.Evalueringen har bygget på et bredt mandat, som har omfattet en gjennomgang av instituttenes roller, formål og oppgaver, deres rammevilkår, instituttenes samspill og samarbeid, relevans for brukerne samt fremtidige utfordringer og muligheter. Det har vært en meget interessant men også krevende oppgave å dekke disse dimensjonene for en så heterogen gruppe av institutter. Arbeidet har også vist at instituttene har et sterkt fokus på strategisk utvikling og tilpasning til nye utfordringer og muligheter. Utvalget håper at evalueringen vil bidra med verdifulle perspektiver til disse prosessene, og at den vil utgjøre et nyttig kunnskapsgrunnlag for både instituttene, Forskningsrådet, departementer og øvrige myndigheter på feltet.Evalueringsutvalget vil rette en spesiell takk til de åtte miljøinstituttene for den innsatsen da har lagt ned i egenevalueringene og for svært interessante og nyttige samtaler under utvalgets møter med instituttene. Utvalget vil også takke Forskningsrådet for utmerket tilrettelegging gjennom hele prosessen samt til NIFU for et godt samarbeid om utformingen av rapporten og sammenfatningen av materialet fra evalueringen.Evalueringen er utarbeidet i fellesskap og er enstemmig.
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| 4. |
- Ferreira, Joao G., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive
- 2011
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Ingår i: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7714 .- 1096-0015. ; 93:2, s. 117-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2009, following approval of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission (EC) created task groups to develop guidance for eleven quality descriptors that form the basis for evaluating ecosystem function. The objective was to provide European countries with practical guidelines for implementing the MSFD, and to produce a Commission Decision that encapsulated key points of the work in a legal framework. This paper presents a review of work carried out by the eutrophication task group, and reports our main findings to the scientific community. On the basis of an operational, management-oriented definition, we discuss the main methodologies that could be used for coastal and marine eutrophication assessment. Emphasis is placed on integrated approaches that account for physico-chemical and biological components, and combine both pelagic and benthic symptoms of eutrophication, in keeping with the holistic nature of the MSFD. We highlight general features that any marine eutrophication model should possess, rather than making specific recommendations. European seas range from highly eutrophic systems such as the Baltic to nutrient-poor environments such as the Aegean Sea. From a physical perspective, marine waters range from high energy environments of the north east Atlantic to the permanent vertical stratification of the Black Sea. This review aimed to encapsulate that variability, recognizing that meaningful guidance should be flexible enough to accommodate the widely differing characteristics of European seas, and that this information is potentially relevant in marine ecosystems worldwide. Given the spatial extent of the MSFD, innovative approaches are required to allow meaningful monitoring and assessment. Consequently, substantial logistic and financial challenges will drive research in areas such as remote sensing of harmful algal blooms, in situ sensor development, and mathematical models. Our review takes into account related legislation, and in particular the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD - 2000/60/EC), which deals with river basins, including estuaries and a narrow coastal strip, in order to examine these issues within the framework of integrated coastal zone management.
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| 5. |
- Höglander, Helena, 1973-
(författare)
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Studies of Baltic Sea plankton - spatial and temporal patterns
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines the spatial and temporal patterns of Baltic Sea phyto- and zooplankton. Studies of such patterns are important to gain a better understanding of the offshore nutrient dynamics of the Baltic Sea (Papers I and II) and how to manage eutrophication and invasive species in coastal areas (Papers III and IV). During the spring phytoplankton bloom, diatoms rapidly depleted inorganic nitrogen in the shallow mixed layer, but were replaced by dinoflagellates when a seasonal pycnocline developed early in spring due to riverine freshwater inputs (Paper I). The settling of diatoms from the mixed water column was species-specific (Paper I). Vertically migrating dinoflagellates were able to exploit nutrients to considerable depth. The settling of primary produced carbon was low, only 12% as particulate organic carbon (POC) at 100 m and 2% as identifiable cells (Paper I). Profound alterations in species composition during settling will hinder interpretation of paleoecological records. During summer cyanobacterial blooms, vertically separated diazotrophic and mixotrophic species dominated the phytoplankton community. Unicellular and colony-forming picocyanobacteria, a hitherto underestimated group, made up a substantial part of phytoplankton biomass late in the bloom (Paper II). Dominant species during the blooms exhibited species-specific depth distributions, suggesting niche-separation to decrease competition. Management of coastal eutrophication is of major concern, particularly in estuaries and enclosed seas with limited water exchange. In Himmerfjärden, a eutrophicated Baltic Sea bay, filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria increased substantially following a drastic reduction in nitrogen load from a modern sewage treatment plant (STP). Seston <10 µm responded to the 15N-enriched nitrogen from the STP with a δ15N-value of near 8‰ close to the discharge point, compared to only 2‰ in the open Baltic. In contrast, filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria had δ15N-values of -3.0‰ to -0.2‰ (average -1.5‰) independent of distance to the STP (Paper III), indicating that they used only dinitrogen for growth. When cyanobacteria were abundant, total nitrogen concentrations increased and δ15N decreased in seston <10 µm and zooplankton >200 µm (Paper III), indicating that fixed nitrogen was transferred to other trophic levels. During a later deliberate experimental discharge of nitrogen designed to suppress cyanobacterial growth, cyanobacteria used some dissolved inorganic nitrogen but their biomass was not markedly reduced (Paper III). The cladoceran zooplankton Cercopagis pengoi, a recent invader to the Baltic Sea, is a potential competitor with fish for zooplankton prey. Stable nitrogen isotope studies imply that invasion by C. pengoi has changed the pelagic food web structure in the bay Himmerfjärden by competing with small pelagic fishes for zooplankton, and by providing a new prey for these fishes (Paper IV). These results indicate the risk of cascading effects on other trophic levels and the necessity of whole ecosystem analysis when evaluating effects of invasive species (Paper IV).
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| 6. |
- Tallberg, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Are benthic fluxes important for the availability of Si in the Gulf of Finland?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963. ; 171, s. 89-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Elsevier B.V.We estimated the efflux of dissolved silicon (DSi) from sediments in the Gulf of Finland and compared it to sedimentation fluxes, burial of Si and existing data on Si loading and stocks, reassessing the reliability of existing Si budgets. Benthic fluxes of DSi measured in situ and in vitro were several times higher than estimates from diffusion calculations. The spatial variability in the open Gulf of Finland was relatively small, while both very high and low fluxes were measured from coastal areas. Fluxes were highest in late summer and lowest in early spring. In our re-assessed budget we present a new lower estimate for Si burial in the sediments, ca. 6Gmola-1 and show that more than half of the sedimentation flux of Si is released back into the water column. Changes in the efficiency of internal DSi recycling may thus affect the prevalence of siliceous phytoplankton within the ecosystem, and the diatom spring bloom may be regulated by the functioning of this internal recycling pump. We also show that the seasonal variation in benthic DSi fluxes and dissolved phosphate fluxes is similar, and that a tentative connection between hypoxia and high DSi efflux exists.
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| 7. |
- Uusitalo, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring methods for predicting multiple pressures on ecosystem recovery : A case study on marine eutrophication and fisheries
- 2016
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Ingår i: Continental Shelf Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-4343 .- 1873-6955. ; 121, s. 48-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efforts to attain good environmental status in the marine realm require decisions which cannot be done without knowledge of effects of different management measures. Given the wide diversity of marine ecosystems, multitude of pressures affecting it and the still poor understanding on linkages between those, there are likely no models available to give all the required answers. Hence, several separate approaches can be used in parallel to give support for management measures. We tested three completely different methods - a spatial impact index, a food web model and a Bayesian expert method. We found that a large uncertainty existed regarding the ecosystem response to the management scenarios, and that the three different modelling approaches complemented each other. The models indicated that in order to reach an improved overall state of the ecosystem nutrient reductions are the more effective of the two management variables explored, and that cumulative effects of the management of nutrient inputs and fishing mortality are likely to exist.
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