| 1. |
- Boyd, Emily, et al.
(author)
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Chapter 5: Loss and Damage
- 2023
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In: Underfinanced. Underprepared : Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed - Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed. - 9789280740929 ; :2023, s. 61-74
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Key messages▶ In the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), loss and damage has emerged as a third key pillar of climate policy, alongside mitigation and adaptation, to address ever-increasing climate impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effect of climate change. ▶ Losses and damages arise when efforts to avoid or minimize climate impacts through mitigation and adaptation fail. Given the slow progress of mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and of adapting to climate risks, some losses and damages are occurring, and further loss and damage is unavoidable. ▶ There is a broad typology of responses available for both economic and non-economic losses and damages that must all respect country ownership and be equitable, inclusive, accessible and adequate, but the lack of conceptual clarity is a clear barrier to making progress on loss and damage. ▶ Many uncertainties remain regarding the financial needs to address loss and damage, but innovative funding sources and governance structures must be found to reach the necessary scale.
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| 2. |
- Hemmingsen, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Ab initio calculations of electric field gradients in cadmium complexes
- 1996
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In: Journal of Physical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3654 .- 1541-5740. ; 100:12, s. 4803-4809
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Calculations of the electric field gradient (EFG) at the cadmium nucleus have been carried out on Cd2+ in the field of two point charges, CdF2, CdCl2, and CdF2Cl2 2- at the RHF, MPn (n = 2, 3, 4), and CCSD(T) levels of theory, in order to evaluate the effects of electron correlation, relativity, and basis set truncation. The EFG has furthermore been calculated in two large molecules (approximately 300 electrons) with biologically relevant cadmium ligands. Different methods to truncate the system have been investigated. The results are compared to experimental values determined in polycrystalline samples. We suggest a reasonably accurate and economic procedure to calculate the EFG on large cadmium complexes. The basis set on cadmium should be large, at least [19s15p9d4f/11s9p5d2f], while 6-31G(d) can be used on the remaining atoms. Correlation should be treated at least at the MP2 level, which is found to be unexpectedly accurate due to cancellation of higher order terms. In this treatment the core orbitals on the ligands and 1s through 3d orbitals on cadmium can be frozen. Surrounding molecules in the crystals have been modeled by an array of point charges. Using this procedure, the error of the elements of the diagonalized EFG tensor is less than 0.3 au (3 × 1021 V/m2) for the investigated complexes.
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| 3. |
- Hemmingsen, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Nuclear quadrupole interactions in cadmium complexes : Semiempirical and ab initio calculations
- 1999
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In: Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section A Journal of Physical Sciences. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0932-0784. ; 54:6-7, s. 422-430
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Semiempirical calculations, based on the so-called angular overlap model, have been compared with ab initio methods (MP2) for the calculation of nuclear quadrupole interactions (NQI's) in cadmium complexes with biologically relevant ligands (H2O, OH-, cysteinate, carboxylate, and imidazole). The assumptions on which the semiempirical model is based have been tested and the comparison indicates that: 1) A change in the Cd-ligand bond length by 0.1 Å may change the electric field gradient (EFG) by about 0.2 a. u.. A simple scheme to incorporate such effects in the semiempirical method is suggested. 2) The effect of ligand-ligand interactions is up to about 0.2 a. u. for the largest diagonal element of the EFG tensor for the tested complexes, and such effects can significantly influence the so-called asymmetry parameter. 3) The position of non-coordinating atoms on the ligands can in some cases (e. g. the hydrogen atoms of water) significantly influence the EFG. The combined effect of non-coordinating atoms and ligand-ligand interactions may cause deviations of up to 0.35 a. u. between ab initio and the semiempirical calculations. 4) In the semiempirical model each ligand is characterised by one parameter, the so-called partial nuclear quadrupole interaction. This parameter has been evaluated by ab initio calculations, and agreement was found within about 0.2 a. u. (≈ 40 Mrad/s) for all ligands except imidazole. 5) A change in the coordination number from 2 to 6 may change the partial NQI by about 0.3 a. u.
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| 4. |
- Kongsholm, Nana Cecilie Halmsted, et al.
(author)
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Challenges for the sustainability of university-run biobanks
- 2018
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In: Biopreservation and Biobanking. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1947-5535 .- 1947-5543. ; 16:4, s. 312-321
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Most university biobanks begin like other university research projects, i.e. with an idea conceived by an individual researcher in pursuit of his/her own research interests, publications, funding and career. Some biobanks, however, come to have scientific value that goes beyond the projects that were initially responsible for the collection of the samples and data they contain. Such value may derive from inter alia the uniqueness of the samples in terms of their sheer volume, the quality of the samples, the ability to link the samples with information retrieved in disease registries, or the fact that the samples represent very rare diseases. This paper focuses on biobanks of this kind, and the special obligations that publicly funded universities have to ensure the sustainability of biobanks with continued scientific value. We argue that universities should adopt policies to deal with the various, diverse issues which may arise during the lifecycle of a biobank. The policies should be flexible, accommodate the freedoms of individual researchers, and reflect the multifaceted nature of biobanks. Yet they should be specific enough to provide guidance and robust enough to safeguard legal norms and ethical values. The paper sets out concrete recommendations which universities should consider and act upon.
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