| 1. |
- Felício, Laura, et al.
(author)
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From electrification to decarbonization: Insights from Portugal's experience (1960-2016)
- 2024
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In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - 1879-0690. ; 198, s. 1-18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Deep electrification powered by renewable sources has emerged as a pivotal strategy for achieving ambitious CO2 emission reduction targets. However, the true impact of electrification on decarbonization remains inadequately measured because the whole energy chain has not yet been fully considered. This study combines Societal Exergy Accounting and Logarithmic Mean Divisia decomposition analysis to quantify the main drivers of relative (de)carbonization in Portugal from 1960 to 2016. The results reveal a significant increase in the carbon intensity of useful exergy from 250 to 380 tons CO2/TJ during the late 1990s, followed by a decline to 280 tons CO2/TJ in the 2000s. These changes were driven by fossil fuel dependency and the efficiency and structure of the energy system. Decarbonization was facilitated by electrification when the following three conditions were met: (1) end-use electrification was at least a third of total useful exergy consumed, (2) renewable resources were at least a third of overall mix (above 33%) and (3) natural gas was at least a third of the mix of fossil fuels used for electricity generation. (above 30%). Policies promoting fossil fuel use for economic development led to the peak in carbon intensity of useful exergy in the 1990s while investments in renewable resources for electroproduction facilitated effective relative decarbonization later. Based on the current structure and efficiency of the energy system, policy recommendations include prioritizing investments in renewables, enhancing final-useful efficiency, and promoting the electrification of mechanical drive end-uses.
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| 2. |
- Felício, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Insights from past trends in exergy efficiency and carbon intensity of electricity : Portugal, 1900–2014
- 2019
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In: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 12:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use the societal exergy analysis to identify periods and factors controlling efficiency dilution and carbon deepening of electricity in Portugal from 1900 to 2014. Besides estimating the carbon intensity of electricity production, we propose a new indicator, the carbon intensity of electricity use, which quantifies CO 2 /kWh of electricity derived useful exergy. Results show final to useful efficiency dilution until World War I (50% to 30%) due to a decrease in share of the high-efficiency transport sector and from mid-1940s to 1960 and mid-1990s onwards (58% to 47% and 47% to 40%) due to an increase in share of the low efficiency commercial and residential sector. Decarbonization from 1900 to mid-1960s, with carbon intensities of electricity production and use dropping respectively from 12.8 to 0.2 and from 33.6 to 0.4 kg CO 2 /kWh due to an increase in thermoelectricity efficiencies and an increase in share of hydro. Then, a period of carbon deepening until 1990 with carbon intensities tripling due to a shift in shares from hydro to thermoelectricity and more recently a period of decarbonization with carbon intensities decreasing to 0.35 and 0.9 kg CO 2 /kWh, due to the increase in renewable electricity despite a dilution in final to useful efficiency.
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| 3. |
- Guevara, Zeus, et al.
(author)
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Driving factors of differences in primary energy intensities of 14 European countries
- 2021
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 149
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The EU is committed to become climate-neutral by 2050 while keeping its prosperity intact. To align the bloc towards this goal, it is fundamental to understand the spatial differences in energy performance among its members. The present study aims to identify the main drivers of primary energy intensity differences among fourteen European countries (i.e., the EU15 without Luxemburg) during the period 2000–2010. To do so, we apply for the first time the multi-factor energy input-output model to spatial structural decomposition analysis.The results show that differences in the industrial direct energy intensity and in the mix of final energy demandwere the driving factors of primary energy intensity differences among countries, while, remarkably, structural differences in both the energy sector and in the rest of the economy were not as relevant. This implies that deepening industrial and residential efficiency policies should be a key objective in addition to the current policy efforts to deploy renewables in the energy sector. In addition, we show that the proposed approach helps overcome the main shortcomings of conventional spatial decomposition approaches, e.g., the inconsistent accountingof energy conversion processes in the economy; and its detailed results can be translated into more effective policy making.
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| 4. |
- Henriques, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Energia e Indústria
- 2005
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In: História da Energia : Portugal 1890-1980 - Portugal 1890-1980. - 9722414178 - 9789722414173 ; 71, s. 83-113
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 5. |
- Henriques, Sofia
(author)
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Energy consumption in Portugal 1856-2006
- 2009
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this work is to provide statistical series on energy consumption in Portugal in 1856-2006. Its main innovation is the inclusion of traditional sources along with modern ones.
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| 6. |
- Henriques, Sofia
(author)
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Energy Transitions, Economic Growth and Structural Change: Portugal in a Long-run Comparative Perspective
- 2011
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This book analyses, in an international comparative context, Portugal´s energy transition from organic sources to fossil fuels in the period 1856-2006. It investigates the role that energy played in the industrialization of the country and how the relationship between energy and economic growth changed with the transition from an industrial to a service society. A unique dataset of energy quantities and prices reveals that Portugal´s transition to fossil fuels and high-energy quantities was exceptionally late in comparison with early industrializers. Until the early 1950s, high energy costs played an important role in delaying industrialization, determining Portugal´s low historical energy intensity path. The lack of domestic coal, iron reserves and suitable alternative energy sources were important factors that prevented industrialization in the age of steam. During the Second Industrial Revolution, the incentives to turn to hydro-power did not arise with the same intensity as in other coal-poor countries. Neither capital nor demand was present to guarantee the viability of large-scale hydro-power. Thermo-power stations were more adaptable to the small size of demand, but this technical choice created a vicious circle of high energy prices and labor intensive industrialization. Institutional changes and the emergence of a high-quality and cheap energy carrier, oil, in the post war period, were essential factors that broke the vicious circle of energy prices and contributed to rapid economic convergence. The notion of a transition from industry to services leading to the decline of energy intensity is based on a misconception of what the service transition was really about. It was rather modest in real terms and the major drivers of the decline of energy intensities in industrialized countries rested within the manufacturing sector. Portugal was a country with larger structural changes towards the service sector, but the rise of personal transportation, increasing demand for comfort in the service sector and technological and structural changes within the manufacturing sector contributed to an overall energy intensity increase. The diverging patterns of industrial energy intensities across countries points to the possibility that Portugal, having failed to converge during the energy-intensive phases of industrialization, is at risk of losing the advantages of the knowledge economies of the Third Industrial Revolution.
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| 7. |
- Henriques, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Fuelling the English Breakfast : Hidden energy flows in the Anglo-Danish Trade 1870-1913
- 2018
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In: Regional Environmental Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-3798 .- 1436-378X. ; 18:4, s. 965-977
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The 1870–1914 globalization period had profound impacts on the international division of labour, with coal-endowed countries specializing in the production of energy-intensive manufacturing goods and others in the production of agricultural goods. This study analyses the environmental consequences of this specialization, by quantifying the flows of energy and hidden energy embodied in the bilateral trade between the UK, the industrial workshop of the world, and Denmark, a coal-poor country with an agricultural economy. We show that the transformations that occurred in Danish agriculture to meet the growing demand for breakfast foods in the UK required significant quantities of feed and coal. Denmark was a net importer of energy throughout the period and a net importer of hidden energy in 1870. However, by the end of this wave of globalization, Denmark had become a significant net exporter of hidden energy to the UK. This was due both to an increase in its land productivity and to the import of coal, grain and fertilizers from abroad.
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| 8. |
- Henriques, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Os consumos domésticos de energia
- 2005
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In: História da Energia : Portugal 1890-1980 - Portugal 1890-1980. - 9722414178 - 9789722414173 ; , s. 115-137
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 9. |
- Henriques, Sofia Teives, et al.
(author)
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Without coal in the age of steam and dams in the age of electricity : An explanation for the failure of Portugal to industrialize before the Second World War
- 2021
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In: European Review of Economic History. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1361-4916 .- 1474-0044. ; 25:1, s. 85-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We provide a natural resource explanation for the divergence of the Portuguese economy relative to other European countries before the Second World War. First, we demonstrate that a lack of domestic resources meant that Portugal experienced limited and unbalanced growth during the age of steam. Imports of coal were prohibitively expensive for inland areas. Coastal areas industrialized through steam but were constrained by limited demand from the interior. Second, we show that after the First World War, when other coal-poor countries turned to hydro-power, Portugal relied on coal-based thermal-power, creating a vicious circle of high-energy prices and labor-intensive industrialization.
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| 10. |
- Henriques, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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The Danish Agricultural Revolution in an Energy Perspective : a case of development with few energy resources
- 2016
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In: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 69:3, s. 844-869
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine the case of Denmark - a country which historically had next to no domestic energy resources - for which we present new historical energy accounts for the years 1800-1913. We demonstrate that Denmark’s take off at the end of the nineteenth century was relatively energy dependent. We relate this to her well-known agricultural transformation and development through the dairy industry, and thus complement the literature which argues that expensive energy hindered industrialization, by arguing that similar obstacles would have precluded other countries from a more agriculture-based growth. The Danish cooperative creameries, which spread throughout the country over the last two decades of the nineteenth century, were dependent on coal. Although Denmark had next to no domestic coal deposits, we demonstrate that her geography allowed cheap availability throughout the country through imports. On top of this we emphasize that another important source of energy was imported feed for the cows.
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