| 1. |
- Broman, Göran, et al.
(author)
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Determining Dynamic Characteristics of Bellows by Manipulated Beam Finite Elements of Commercial Software
- 2000
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In: International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping. - Oxford : Elsevier Science. - 0308-0161 .- 1879-3541. ; 77:8, s. 445-453
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A procedure for determining dynamic characteristics of bellows by manipulating certain parameters of the beam finite elements of I-DEAS Master Series 6 is presented. The method will work in any software in which these parameters can be set by the user. Compared to a shell elements model the model size is reduced by at least a factor of 100. This is especially advantageous when the bellows is only a part of a system to be optimised with respect to overall design parameters. Stress in the bellows cannot be predicted by this method, but when the dynamic behaviour is known it can be used as input for stress calculations, if desired. In contrast to existing "semi-analytical" methods this method has the potential of considering axial, bending and torsion degrees of freedom simultaneously, and it facilitates the interaction between the bellows and the rest of the system, also modelled by beam or shell finite elements. The procedure is verified by experimental results from other investigators.
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| 3. |
- Broman, Göran, et al.
(author)
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Modelling Flexible Bellows by Standard Beam Finite Elements
- 1999
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A procedure for modelling flexible metal bellows by the standard beam finite elements in I-DEAS Master Series 6 is presented. In spite of the geometry of the bellows being far from a beam, it is shown that the bellows dynamic behaviour can be modelled by beam elements with the suggested procedure. The model size is reduced by a factor of 100-1000 compared to a shell elements model. This is especially advantageous when the bellows is only a part of for example an exhaust system to be optimised with respect to overall design parameters. In comparison to existing "semi-analytical" methods the standard beam finite elements have the advantages that axial, bending and torsion degrees of freedom are included simultaneously and that the interaction between the bellows and the rest of the system, also modelled by beam or shell finite elements, is easily facilitated. The procedure is verified by experimental results from other investigators.
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| 4. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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