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| 2. |
- Augustsson, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Solid electrolyte interphase on graphite Li-ion battery anodes studied by soft X-ray spectroscopy
- 2004
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In: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. ; 6, s. 4185-4189
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have measured X-ray absorption and emission near the C Is edge of graphite electrodes cycled in lithium-ion battery cells. Resonantly excited emission spectra of graphite electrodes exhibit features characteristic of both highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as well as polycrystalline graphite. Spectra of three electrodes cycled in two different electrolytes are presented and compared with spectra of the pristine electrode. A solid electrolyte interphase(SEI) was detected on the electrochemically cycled electrodes. By the use of selective excitation, resonant X-ray emission spectra of the SEI-species were obtained and compared to spectra of reference compounds. The SEI on the cycled graphite anode was shown to comprise lithium oxalate (Li2C2O4), lithium succinate (LiO2CCH2CH2CO2Li) and lithium methoxide (LiOCH3).
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| 4. |
- Edström, Kristina, et al.
(author)
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A new look at the solid electrolyte interphase on graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries
- 2006
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In: Journal of Powder Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753. ; 153:2, s. 380-384
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of graphite electrodes has been extensively studied using surface sensitive techniques such as photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and soft X-ray spectroscopy. By combining measurements of reference compounds with graphite electrodes cycled in different electrolytes and under different conditions, knowledge of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) chemistry can be obtained. In this article, conclusive results concerning the chemical composition of the inorganic part of the SEI is described. The results show that Li2O often reported to be present in the SEI could be an artifact from abusive Ar+ sputtering. The presence of Li2CO3 is a matter of debate; the compound is not observed in anodes extracted from hermetically sealed cells that are never exposed to air. The results show that cell-design and sample handling are crucial to the observed chemical composition of the SEI.
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| 7. |
- Herstedt, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Characterisation of the SEI formed on natural graphite in PC-based electrolytes
- 2004
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In: Electrochimica Acta. ; :49, s. 4939-4947
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The origin of the different Li+ intercalation behavior of raw and jet-milled natural graphite has been investigated. Jet-milled graphite is found to cycle reversibly in equal solvent mixture of propylene carbonate (PC) and etylene carbonate (EC), whereas raw graphite does not. Using both Al Ka and synchrotron radiation (SR) Photoelectron Spectroscopy, new insight is obtained inti the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the two different graphite materials during electrochemical cycling in 1 M LiPF6 in either PC:EC (1:1) or in PC with 5% vinylene carbonate (VC) as additive. Solvent reduction products are found at the surface of both raw and jat-milled graphite cycled in PC:EC (1:1), but differed in composition. The addition of VC reduces primarily the quantities of salt reaction products (LiF and LixPFy compounds) and produces a mainly organic SEI layer. Electron diffraction from the edges for raw and jet-milled graphite particles shows a physical barrier hindering PC co-intercalation and faciltating the formation of a stable SEI layer.
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| 9. |
- Herstedt, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Electrolyte additives for enhanced thermal stability of the graphite anode interface in a Li-ion battery
- 2004
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In: Electrochimica Acta. ; :49, s. 2351-2359
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The influence of electrolyte additives on the thermal stability of graphite anodes in a Li-ion battery has been investigated. The selected additives are: ethyltriacetoxysilane, 1,3 benzoldioxole, tetra (ethylene glycol) dimethylether and vinylene carbonate. These compounds were added in 4% to an electrolyte consisting of 1 M LiBF4 ethylene carbonate (EC/diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvent mixture. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigated the thermal stability. The electrochemical performance was investigated by galvanostatic cycling and the formed solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was characterised by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) using Al Ka and synchrotron radiation /SR). The onset temperature for the thermally activated reactions was found to increas for all electrodes cycled with additives compared to electordes cycled without additives. The onset temperature in creased in the order: no additive < tetra (ethylene glycole) dimethyl ether < 1,3-benzoldioxole < ethyl-triacetoxysilane < vinylene carbonate. Feature in the PES spectra found to be associated with high onset temeratures for thermally activated reactions are: (i) no discernible graphite peak, (ii) small amount of salt species of the type LiF and LixBFyOz and (iii) larger amounts of organic compounds preferably with a high oxygen content.
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