| 1. |
- Hagström, Peter, 1967-
(author)
-
Biomass Potential for Heat, Electricity and Vehicle Fuel in Sweden
- 2006
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis was to determine how far a biomass quantity, equal to the potential produced within the Swedish borders, could cover the present energy needs inSwedenwith respect to economic and ecological circumstances. Three scenarios were studied where the available biomass was converted to heat, electricity and vehicle fuel. Three different amounts of biomass supply were studied for each scenario: 1) potential biomass amounts derived from forestry, non-forest land, forest industry and community; 2) the same amounts as in Case 1, plus the potential biomass amounts derived from agriculture; 3) the same amounts as in Case 1, plus 50% of the potential pulpwood quantity.For evaluating the economic and ecological circumstances of using biomass in the Swedish energy system, the scenarios were complemented with energy, cost and emergy analysis.The scenarios indicated that it may be possible to produce 170.2 PJ (47.3 TWh) per year of electricity from the biomass amounts in Case 2. From the same amount of biomass, the maximum annual production of hydrogen was 241.5 PJ (67.1 TWh) per year or 197.2 PJ (54.8 TWh) per year of methanol.The energy analysis showed that the ratio of energy output to energy input for large-scale applications ranged from 1.9 at electric power generation by gasification of straw to 40 at district heating generation by combustion of recovered wood. The cost of electricity at gasification ranged from 7.95 to 22.58 €/GJ. The cost of vehicle work generated by using hydrogen produced from forestry biomass in novel fuel cells was economically competitive compared to today’s propulsion systems. However, the cost of vehicle work generated by using methanol produced from forestry biomass in combustion engines was rather higher compared to use of petrol in petrol engines.The emergy analysis indicated that the only biomass assortment studied with a larger emergy flow from the local environment, in relation to the emergy flow invested from society after conversion, was fuel wood from non-forest land. However, even use of this biomass assortment for production of heat, electricity or vehicle fuels had smaller yields of emergy output in relation to emergy invested from society compared to alternative conversion processes; thus, the net contribution of emergy generated to the economy was smaller compared to these alternative conversion processes.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Olsson, Olle, et al.
(author)
-
Estonian-Swedish Wood Fuel Trade and Market Integration: A Cointegration Approach
- 2012
-
In: International Journal of Energy Sector Management. - : Emerald. - 1750-6220. ; 6, s. 75-90
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the Baltic Sea area, wood fuels have been traded internationally on a relatively large‐scale since the 1990s, with trade flows primarily from the Baltic States to Sweden and Denmark. This has been driven by strong demand for renewable energy in Scandinavia, inexpensive wood resources in the Baltic States and relatively low costs of sea transport. The purpose of this paper is to clarify if this trade has contributed to integration between the wood fuel markets of Sweden and Estonia.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use co‐integration analysis of quarterly price series data from 1998 to 2010, in order to determine whether there are interconnections between wood fuel prices in the two countries. As wood fuels generally are rather bulky, transport costs often have an important impact on price levels. For this reason the analysis is expanded to include estimated transport costs from Estonia to Sweden.FindingsIt is concluded that wood fuel prices in Sweden and Estonia are not co‐integrated, regardless of whether the transportation costs are taken into account or not. In other words, the wood fuel markets in the two countries cannot be considered integrated, which could be seen as a sign that international wood fuel markets still are far from fully developed.Research limitations/implicationsThere are some uncertainties about data quality and lack of information on market structure – in terms of, for example, fuel delivery contract specifications and shipping arrangements.Practical implicationsLack of market integration implies a lack of market efficiency in the international wood fuel market.Originality/valueCo‐integration analysis has been applied to many commodity markets, but there are only very few studies of international wood fuel markets.
|
|
| 4. |
- Olsson, Olle, et al.
(author)
-
European wood pellet market integration - A study of the residential sector
- 2011
-
In: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 35, s. 153-160
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The integration of European energy markets is a key goal of EU energy policy, and has also been the focal point of many scientific studies in recent years. International markets for coal, oil, natural gas and electricity have previously been investigated in order to determine the extent of the respective markets. This study enhances this field of research to bioenergy markets. Price series data and time series econometrics are used to determine whether residential sector wood pellet markets of Austria, Germany and Sweden are integrated. The results of the econometric tests show that the German and Austrian markets can be considered to be integrated, whereas the Swedish market is separate from the other two countries. Although increased internationalization of wood pellet markets is likely to contribute to European price convergence and market integration, this process is far from completed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 5. |
- Olsson, Olle, et al.
(author)
-
Price relationships and market integration in the Swedish wood fuel market
- 2013
-
In: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 57, s. 78-85
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cointegration analysis is applied to the prices of three different wood fuel assortments in the Swedish market: refined wood fuels, forest chips and industrial by-products. For the latter two, the price series are separated according to two consumer categories: district heating (DH) plants and industrial consumers. Two types of analyses are performed. The first concerns whether the fuels within each consumer group can be bundled together as belonging to the same market in terms of product homogeneity. The second involves analysis of the prices of homogeneous fuels in the two consumer categories. It is found that in the DH sector, refined wood fuels should be observed as a separate market because their prices do not share a common trend with the prices of any of the other fuels. This lack of a common trend is likely due to the highly internationalized nature of the wood pellet market. The DH prices of forest chips and industrial by-products follow a common trend, as do the prices paid for industrial by-products by DH plants and industrial consumers. The prices of forest chips paid by industrial consumers and DH plants do not share a common trend. The prices paid by industrial consumers for industrial by-products and forest chips also do not share a common trend. These results highlight both the differences between the markets for unrefined and refined wood fuels and the presence of inefficiencies in the Swedish wood fuel market. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 6. |
- Olsson, Olle, et al.
(author)
-
The wood fuel market in Denmark - Price development, market efficiency and internationalization
- 2014
-
In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 78, s. 141-148
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, the Danish wood fuel market is investigated. The analysis consists of three parts. First, the development of price dispersion over time for wood chips and wood pellets is examined as a proxy for market transparency. Second, the interconnections between the prices of pellets, chips and straw are studied by use of cointegration analysis. Finally, relations between wood fuel prices in Denmark and Sweden are analyzed. The result is that price dispersion has decreased notably for wood pellets, but not for wood chips. In terms of intra-fuel cointegration, the results point towards the presence of cointegration between prices of wood chips and straw. There are also indications that the Swedish and Danish markets for wood pellets are integrated but this is not the case for wood chips. Given that Sweden and Denmark trade wood pellets between each other and also import from common third sources, it is logical that pellet prices are cointegrated. The conclusions from this study strengthen the view that markets for wood chips and wood pellets have different characteristics, not least as a result of the lack of transparency resulting from the significant product heterogeneity for wood chips. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 7. |
- Tran, Khanh-Quang, et al.
(author)
-
Biomass conversion in supercritical water : Recent developments and process intensification for sustainable production of bio-fuels
- 2009
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biomass conversion in supercritical water is an emerging technology capable of overcoming the remaining obstacles encountered in the production of second generation bio-ethanol and direct liquefaction of wet aquatic biomass. However, many aspects of the technology are not fully understood and still disputed. The reactor material constraints and other difficulties coupled with the extreme conditions of water at high temperatures and high pressures are the main factors limiting the applications of the technology. This paper aims to identify possibilities to overcome the difficulties, by reviewing recent developments in the field and considering the principle of process intensification
|
|
