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- Hallin, Christina, 1980-
(author)
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Subsidiaries as Sources and Recipients of Innovations in the Multinational Corporation
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Technological advancement and innovation lie at the core of the competitiveness of firms. For the multinational corporation (MNC), the ability to leverage innovations and value-added resources within the MNC is an important element of competitive advantage. This thesis deals with the development and transfer of innovations in the MNC, specifically considering the role of subsidiaries as sources and recipients of innovations. The results are based on the analysis of quantitative data from two empirical studies and are presented in four papers. The findings suggest that subsidiaries’ collaborations with counterparts external to the MNC have a decisive impact on the development of novel innovations, whereas collaborating with counterparts within the MNC has a weaker effect. An interesting finding is that the combined effect of internal and external collaboration during the development process can be detrimental to innovation novelty. Concerning the transfer of innovations within the MNC, the findings indicate that characteristics of the innovation and of the relationship between the sender and the recipient units affect whether intra-MNC innovation transfer is useful for the recipient. Innovation novelty has a positive impact on the usefulness of a received innovation to the recipient subsidiary, whereas innovation specificity has a negative impact. Furthermore, the mutual commitment of the sender and the recipient to the transfer of the innovation positively influences usefulness. The results show that the embeddedness of a recipient subsidiary’s corporate and external network relationships contributes to that part of the business performance that is attributable to the exploitation of a received innovation. However, high relationship embeddedness in the subsidiary’s external business network, in combination with a received innovation that is unique, has a detrimental impact on the recipient’s innovation-related business performance. Finally, intra-MNC transfer of innovations contributes to knowledge flows from the subsidiary to its local customers and suppliers and to local competitors. Competitive pressure in the local business environment and the embeddedness of the subsidiary’s relationships with important local customers and suppliers influence these knowledge flows. Moreover, knowledge flows within the subsidiary’s most important customer and supplier relationships can result in knowledge flows to local competitors.
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| 3. |
- Lindh Åstrand, Lotta, et al.
(author)
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Use of hormone therapy (HT) among Swedish women with contraindications - A pharmacoepidemiological cohort study
- 2019
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In: Maturitas. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0378-5122 .- 1873-4111. ; 123, s. 55-60
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To assess how women in Sweden with breast cancer (BC), endometrial cancer (EC), and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) were dispensed menopausal hormone therapy (HT). Study design: A retrospective study of Swedish women aged 40 years or more on 31 December 2005 (n = 2,863,643), followed through to December 2011. The study analysed three mandatory national healthcare registries: the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register, the National Inpatient Register and the Cancer Register. New users were defined as having a first dispensation after at least a 9-month break, and thus were possible to identify from April 2006. New users with at least one of the diagnoses BC, EC or PE before the first dispensation were classified as having a relative or absolute contraindication for HT. Main outcome measures: The relative risks of having HT dispensed after being diagnosed with BC, EC and/or PE. Results: In total, 171,714 women had at least one of the diagnoses BC, EC or PE. The relative risk of having hormone therapy dispensed (current and new users) after being diagnosed with any of the diagnoses was significantly lower (PE, IRR 0.11, 95% CI 0.10-0.12;/ BC, IRR 0.12, 95% CI 0.11-0.13; EC, IRR 0.43, CI 0.40-0.46) than for women without these diagnoses. Conclusions: One in about 250 women started treatment with HT after being diagnosed with BC, PE or EC. Swedish prescribers seem to be well aware of the recommendations for HT use in women with contraindications. A few women, however, are prescribed HT despite having BC, EC or PE, possibly after careful evaluation of the risks and benefits and giving informed consent. Women with a history of PE were prescribed transdermal HT to a larger extent than women in general, in line with results from observational studies.
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| 4. |
- Sundell, Micaela, et al.
(author)
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Pulmonary embolism in menopausal hormone therapy : a population-based register study
- 2022
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In: Climacteric. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1369-7137 .- 1473-0804. ; 25:6, s. 615-621
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Oral but not transdermal menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) increases the risk of venous thromboembolism. There is no evidence regarding the risk of the serious complication pulmonary embolism (PE). The aim was to investigate the risk of PE in women using MHT depending on administration route, type of progestin and treatment duration.METHOD: The population-based case-control study covered 1,771,253 women aged 40-69 years, during 2006-2015. Diagnoses of PE (n = 13,974) and drug dispensations were received from national validated registers.RESULTS: Current MHT users had a higher risk of PE than non-users (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.26). First ever users had the highest risk (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.23-3.50). Transdermal administration was not associated with increased risk of PE. The OR was slightly but non-significantly higher with estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate than with norethisterone acetate.DISCUSSION: The risk of PE was significantly increased in users of oral but not transdermal MHT, with the highest risk in first ever users of oral estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate. The risk was considerably lower in women with recurrent treatment, probably because of the healthy user effect.CONCLUSION: PE was most common close to initiation of oral treatment. Transdermal MHT did not increase the risk of PE.
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| 5. |
- Adler, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Diagnosdiskussion
- 2016
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In: Tidskriften för Svensk Psykiatri. - 1653-8579. ; 2016:1, s. 77-78
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Senaste halvåret har en arbetsgrupp på Svenska Psykiatriska Föreningens uppdrag arbetat med problem som finns runt psykiatriska diagnoser. En viktig del av arbetet har varit att ta fram ett diskussionsunderlag främst riktat till dem som i sitt arbete sätter psykiatriska diagnoser. Detta underlag syftar till att problematisera, inte till att polemisera. Självklart har vi i gruppen uppfattningar, men vi har inte alltid samma uppfattningar inom detta område. En sak är vi dock helt överens om – psykiatrisk diagnostik är svårt! samt att det idag finns uppenbara problem.
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| 6. |
- Adler, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Psykiatrisk diagnostik är svårt.
- 2015
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In: Tidskriften för Svensk Psykiatri. - 1653-8579. ; 2015:4, s. 36-37
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 7. |
- Allard, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Fångst av vegetationsdata och Natura 2000-habitat i fjällen genom flygbildstolkning i IRF med punktgittermetodik
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I denna rapport visas att flygbildstolkning med punktgittermetodik har stor potential för att ta fram tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva data på tillstånd och förändringar i fjällens vegetation. Projektet är finansierat av Naturvårdsverkets svenska miljöövervakning.Inom denna studie har följande delmål nåtts1) Utprovning av försöksdesign har gjorts med antal och fördelning av punkter, samt design och val av tolkningsvariabler.2) Ett operativt tolkningssystem för punktgittertolkning har tagits fram.3) Tolkningsprecisionen för olika variabler och Natura 2000-habitat är utvärderade mot fältdata.4) Metodens kvaliteter är utvärderade.5) Beräkning av tidsåtgång och kostnadsberäkningar är gjorda och ställda mot en polygonbaserad metod för översiktlig tolkning av NILS 5x5 km ruta.Förutom dessa delmål har även säkerheten ytterligare undersökts via ett personvariationstest av tolkade data.Resultaten från de tolkade fältpunkterna visar att överensstämmelsen med fältinventeringen är mycket god. Ett gott resultat fanns från testet med personvariation, med några få problemområden. Metoden har några begränsningar. För flygbildstolkning i punktgitter med den metodik som föreslås här förutsätts att det finns välutbildade tolkare. För en van vegetationstolkare krävs det i storleksordning en tilläggsutbildning på minst 1 månad i tolkning av fjällvegetation, inklusive fältbesök. En exempelsamling av bilder och ett antal nycklar för tolkning bör tas fram.Punktgittermetoden är operativt användbar, vissa kompletterande fältstudier behövs. Metoden har följande generella kvaliteter.Metoden är enkel att implementera.Punktgittermetoden är en kostnadseffektiv metod för att fånga landskapsdata. Den är snabbare än polygontolkning.Datafångst från en 5 x 5 km ruta kan göras på 1-3 dagar, beroende på antal punkter i gittret.Det är enkelt att bearbeta och analysera punktgitterdata.Precisionen i arealskattningarna kommer att kunna enkelt beräknas.Tolkningen i punktgitter kan verifieras genom jämförelse med NILS fältdata.Metoden är lämplig för förändringsstudier. Exempelvis kan den utgöra ett snabbt och effektivt sätt att statistiskt uppdatera information om area av vegetationstyper från vegetationskartorna över de svenska fjällen.Metoden kan fånga upp ovanligare naturtyper i 5 x 5 km ytan förutsatt att många punkter tolkas.Metoden kan användas för urval av objekt för riktade fältinventeringar till ovanligare habitat.Resultaten från metoden kan utgöra viktiga data för annan forskning, exempelvis som träningsdata till satellitbildsklassificeringar.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Ulf, et al.
(author)
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Balancing subsidiary influence in the federative MNC : a business network view
- 2007
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In: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 38:5, s. 802-818
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we argue that a fruitful approach to the analysis of inter-organisational power in multinational corporations (MNCs) is to model the organisation as a federation. In the federative MNC, the headquarters and the subsidiaries are involved in a perpetual bargaining process. Thus a crucial issue is what power bases are there that the different actors in the federative MNC can use to influence strategic decisions. In this paper, we focus on the power bases associated with the local business network in which the different subsidiaries are embedded, and on the headquarters' knowledge concerning these networks. A causal model is developed and tested with data from 97 subsidiaries in 20 MNC divisions. The results indicate that the strength and influence of a subsidiary's local business network are determined by the extent to which the subsidiary provides technology within the MNC. The fact that the business network is strong does not suffice to augment the intra-organisational power of a subsidiary. In addition, our investigation also provides support for the idea that, when the headquarters has a sound knowledge of the subsidiaries' business networks, it is better able to balance or moderate the influence of strong subsidiaries. The paper concludes by pointing out a potential dilemma facing the headquarters of the federative MNC: externally embedded subsidiaries can provide access to a variety of competencies, but they may also reduce the subsidiaries' interest in contributing to the overall performance of the MNC.
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