| 1. |
- De La Fuente Vilar, Alejandra, 1988, et al.
(author)
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The Burden of Unfulfilled Expectations: Challenges of Interviewing Witnesses who Fail to Cooperate
- 2019
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In: Paper presentation at the Conference of the International Investigative Interviewing Research Group, Stavern, Norway..
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Individuals who witness a crime are expected to cooperate and disclose information if interviewed by the authorities. However, police report frequently encountering witnesses who are unwilling to become involved in the investigative process. Despite the challenge lack of witness cooperation represents for investigators, it has received little scientific attention. We examined the extent to which investigator’s expectations of witness cooperation affect interviewing strategies and questions used in an investigative interview. Participants (N = 110) interviewed either a perceived cooperative, uncooperative or a neutral witness. Participants as investigators interviewed a confederate who acted as an uncooperative witness. Data are currently being analysed and will be presented at the conference. We predict that interviewer’s a priori beliefs of witness cooperation will activate a process of confirmation bias, by which investigators will use more closed, leading, and probing questions (vs. open free and cued recall) when expecting low levels of cooperation (vs. higher levels of cooperation) from the witness. Similarly, investigators will use more accusatorial over information-gathering interviewing strategies as expectations of the level of witness cooperation decreases. Understanding how interviewer’s expectations of witness cooperation affect information gathering during investigative interviews is relevant to inform interviewing practice that promotes cooperation and facilitates disclosure.
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| 2. |
- Deeb, Haneen, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Changing question format in repeated interviews to detect lies
- 2016
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In: Decepticon Conference.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Lie detection research has typically focused on reports about a single event. However, in many forensic and security contexts, suspects are likely to report on several events, some of them may be untruthful. This presents interviewers with the challenge of detecting which reports are true and which are not. Varying question format in a second interview, we examined differences in liars’ and truth-tellers’ statement inconsistency about two events. One hundred and fifty participants viewed a meeting in which a non-critical and a critical event were discussed. Truth-tellers were instructed to be honest in their reports about both events, whereas liars had to lie about the critical event. In the first interview, all participants provided a free recall account. In a second interview, participants either gave another free recall account or responded to specific questions presented sequentially (concerning one event at a time) or non-sequentially (concerning both events simultaneously). Liars’ accounts featured more repetitions than truth-tellers for both events, particularly in response to questions presented in non-sequential order. The implications for the use of this question format are discussed.
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| 3. |
- Deeb, Haneen, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Suspects' consistency in statements concerning two events when different question formats are used
- 2017
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In: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759. ; 14:1, s. 74-87
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lie detection research has typically focused on reports about a single event. However, in many forensic and security contexts, suspects are likely to report on several events, some of them may be untruthful. This presents interviewers with the challenge of detecting which reports are true and which are not. Varying question format in a second interview, we examined differences in liars' and truth‐tellers' statement consistency about two events. One hundred and fifty participants viewed a meeting in which a noncritical and a critical event were discussed. Truth‐tellers were instructed to be honest in their reports about both events, whereas liars had to lie about the critical event. In the first interview, all participants provided a free recall account. In a second interview, participants either gave another free recall account or responded to specific questions presented sequentially (concerning one event at a time) or nonsequentially (concerning both events simultaneously). Liars' accounts featured fewer repetitions than truth‐tellers for both events, particularly in response to questions presented in nonsequential order. The implications for the use of this question format are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Deeb, Haneen, 1984, et al.
(author)
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The Devil’s Advocate approach: An interview technique for assessing consistency among deceptive and truth-telling pairs of suspects
- 2018
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In: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259. ; 23:1, s. 37-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose The aim of this study was to assess statement consistency in pairs of deceptive and truth-telling suspects when the Devil's Advocate approach is implemented. This approach involves asking suspects an ‘opinion-eliciting’ question for arguments that support their opinions followed by a ‘devil's advocate’ question to elicit opposing arguments. On the basis of the confirmation bias and impression management literatures, we predicted that truth-telling pairs would provide more consistent arguments in response to the opinion-eliciting question than to the devil's advocate question. Deceptive pairs were expected to be equally consistent with each other in response to both questions. Method Forty-nine pairs of participants were matched, based on their strong opinions about a controversial topic, and were asked to either tell the truth or lie about their opinions to an interviewer. Pair members were permitted to prepare for the interview together. Each participant was interviewed individually with the devil's advocate approach. Results Prepared truth-telling pairs were more consistent with each other in response to the opinion-eliciting question than to the devil's advocate question. However, and as predicted, deceptive pairs were equally consistent with each other in response to both questions. Conclusions The Devil's Advocate approach seems to be a promising interview technique for assessing consistency among pairs who hold false opinions and pairs who hold true opinions. It also has implications for the consistency heuristic as consistency is not diagnostic of deception or honesty unless the interview technique is taken into consideration.
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| 5. |
- Deeb, Haneen, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Visuospatial Counter-Interrogation Strategies by Liars Familiar with the Alibi Setting
- 2018
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 32:1, s. 105-116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examines counter-interrogation strategies employed by liars giving false alibis. Participants (N =144) visited a restaurant to buy a sandwich (truth-tellers) or to use it as a false alibi (liars). Half of the liars were informed they might be asked for a drawing of the alibi setting if interviewed (informed liars). Participants spent either 10 minutes (high familiarity condition) or 30 seconds (low familiarity condition) in the restaurant. All participants were asked to provide two visuospatial statements, which were assessed for salient details, non-salient details, between-statement consistency, and statement-alibi setting consistency. Informed liars provided significantly more salient and non-salient details than uninformed liars and truth-tellers, particularly in the high familiarity condition. No differences emerged for statement consistency types. The results suggest that liars are more concerned than truth tellers about making a positive impression on the interviewer, and they fail to accurately reflect on truth-tellers’ visuospatial statements
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| 6. |
- Deeb, Haneen, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Visuospatial countermeasures by liars familiar with the alibi setting
- 2016
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In: International Investigative Interviewing Research Group (iIIRG) Conference, 20-24 June 2016, London.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The current study addresses visuospatial countermeasures employed by suspects in investigative interviews. Participants (N =144) visited a restaurant to buy a sandwich (truth tellers) or to use it as an alibi (liars). Half of the liars were informed they might be asked for a drawing of the alibi setting if interviewed (Informed Liars). Participants spent either 10 min (High Familiarity condition) or 30 s (Low Familiarity condition) in the restaurant. All participants were interviewed twice with different visuospatial tasks. Statements were assessed for the number of salient and non-salient details and for consistency between interviews and consistency with the alibi setting. Informed Liars provided significantly more salient and non-salient details than Uninformed Liars and Truth tellers. The difference for non-salient details was more pronounced in the High Familiarity than in the Low Familiarity condition. Uninformed Liars and Truth tellers did not differ in their accounts. Hence, Informed Liars failed to mimic truth tellers’ visuospatial statements as they provided overly detailed statements. Nonetheless, they could not provide overly consistent statements, so consistency merits more attention in the lie detection field.
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| 7. |
- Denault, Vincent, et al.
(author)
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The Analysis of Nonverbal Communication: The Dangers of Pseudoscience in Security and Justice Contexts : Análisis de la comunicación no verbal: los peligros de la pseudociencia en entornos de seguridad y justicia
- 2020
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In: Anuario de Psicología Jurídica. - : Colegio Oficial de la Psicologia de Madrid. - 1133-0740 .- 2174-0542. ; 30:1, s. 1-12
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- For security and justice professionals (e.g., police officers, lawyers, judges), the thousands of peer-reviewed articles on nonverbal communication represent important sources of knowledge. However, despite the scope of the scientific work carried out on this subject, professionals can turn to programs, methods, and approaches that fail to reflect the state of science. The objective of this article is to examine (i) concepts of nonverbal communication conveyed by these programs, methods, and approaches, but also (ii) the consequences of their use (e.g., on the life or liberty of individuals). To achieve this objective, we describe the scope of scientific research on nonverbal communication. A program (SPOT; Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques), a method (the BAI; Behavior Analysis Interview) and an approach (synergology) that each run counter to the state of science are examined. Finally, we outline five hypotheses to explain why some organizations in the fields of security and justice are turning to pseudoscience and pseudoscientific techniques. We conclude the article by inviting these organizations to work with the international community of scholars who have scientific expertise in nonverbal communication and lie (and truth) detection to implement evidence-based practices.
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| 8. |
- Izotovas, Aleksandras, et al.
(author)
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Facilitating memory-based lie detection in immediate and delayed interviewing: The role of mnemonics
- 2018
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 32:5, s. 561-574
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. We experimentally investigated how different mnemonic techniques employed in an interview conducted immediately after an event affected truth tellers' and liars' responses when they were interviewed again after a 2-week delay. We also compared how verbal accounts changed over time within truth tellers and liars, and how consistent both groups were. Participants (n=143) were shown a mock intelligence operation video and instructed either to tell the truth or lie about its contents in two interviews, one of which was immediately after watching the video and the other after a 2-week delay. In the immediate interview, they were asked to provide a free recall and then asked to provide further information via one of three mnemonics: context reinstatement, sketch, or event-line. In the delayed interview, they were asked to provide only a free recall. Truth tellers reported more visual, spatial, temporal, and action details than did liars both immediately and after a delay. Truth tellers experienced more of a decline in reporting details after a delay than did liars, and this decline was affected by the mnemonic used. Truth tellers thus showed, more than liars, patterns of reporting indicative of genuine memory decay. Liars produced patterns of a “stability bias” instead. Truth tellers and liars were equally consistent between their immediate and delayed statements.
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| 9. |
- Portnoy, Shiri, et al.
(author)
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Beliefs about suspect alibis: A survey of lay people in the United Kingdom, Israel, and Sweden
- 2020
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In: The International Journal of Evidence & Proof. - : SAGE Publications. - 1365-7127 .- 1740-5572. ; 24:1, s. 59-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During police interviews, innocent suspects may provide unconvincing alibis due to impaired memory processes or guilt-presumptive behaviour on behalf of the interviewer. Consequently, innocent suspects may be prosecuted and tried in court, where lay people who serve jury duty will assess their alibi’s credibility. To examine lay people’s beliefs and knowledge regarding suspect alibis, and specifically about such factors that may hamper innocent suspects’ ability to provide convincing alibis, we administered an eight-question questionnaire across the United Kingdom (n = 96), Israel (n = 124), and Sweden (n = 123). Participants did not tend to believe that innocent suspects’ alibis might inadvertently include incorrect details, but acknowledged that impaired memory processes may cause this. Additionally, most participants believed that a presumption of guilt can affect how interviewers interview suspects. The findings suggest that lay people who may serve jury duty hold some mistaken beliefs regarding alibi provision by suspects.
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| 10. |
- Portnoy, Shiri, et al.
(author)
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“I think you did it!”: Examining the effect of presuming guilt on the verbal output of innocent suspects during brief interviews
- 2019
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In: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 16:3, s. 236-250
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Innocent suspects interviewed by a guilt‐presumptive versus innocence‐presumptive or neutral interviewer may tend more to display non‐verbal behaviours which neutral judges consider indicative of guilt. We examined the effects of interviewer's presumption of guilt on innocent mock suspects' alibis. Participants (N = 90) provided an alibi to convince an interviewer of their innocence of a theft after she implied that she believed that they were guilty or innocent or that she had no belief about their veracity. On the basis of existing conflicting findings for suspects' verbal behaviour during accusatory interviews, we predicted that alibis in the guilt‐belief condition would contain the highest or lowest number of correct details with overall higher or poorer accuracy rates, respectively. Although participants perceived the interviewer's presumptive approach, the number of correct details provided and accuracy rates of alibis did not differ significantly between conditions. We propose explanations to these findings and future research paths.
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