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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Hwang, Ai-Wen, et al.
(author)
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Development and validation of the ICF-CY-Based Functioning Scale of the Disability Evaluation System – Child version in Taiwan
- 2015
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In: Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. - : Elsevier BV. - 0929-6646 .- 1876-0821. ; 114:12, s. 1170-1180
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background/Purpose: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-Children and Youth version (ICF-CY) depicts human functioning [body functions (b), structures (s), and activities and participation (d) components] as the product of the interaction between health conditions and contextual factors [environmental factors (e) and personal factors]. In Taiwan, testers use the Functioning Scale of the Disability Evaluation System-Child version (FUNDES-Child) to collect information related to b, d, and e for children aged 6.0-17.9 years in the Disability Eligibility System (DES). The purpose of this study was to examine the content and construct validity of the FUNDES-Child.Methods: We developed the FUNDES-Child through translating the existing questionnaires, cross-cultural adaptation, expert consensus, and field tests. Consensus meetings were conducted to link items from the FUNDES-Child to ICF-CY codes. To investigate construct validity, we examined associations among scores from the FUNDES-Child that reflected ICF-CY chapter-linked components.Results: The FUNDES-Child items were successfully linked to all nine d-, five b-, and four e-chapters of the ICF-CY. Moderate correlations were found between scores that were expected to be related to specific chapters in the b, d, and e components. The scores of the b-chapters had stronger relationships with the d independence scores, while attitudes of others (e4) had stronger relationships with the d participation frequency scores.Conclusion: The FUNDES-Child had acceptable content validity and construct validity in the DES. The associations found among the ICF-CY chapter scores provided a model for investigating the impact of body functions and environmental factors on children's activities and participation.
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- Arvidsson, Patrik, et al.
(author)
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Structural validity and internal consistency of Picture My Participation : A measure for children with disability
- 2021
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In: African Journal of Disability. - : OASIS. - 2226-7220 .- 2223-9170. ; 10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Picture My Participation (PMP) intended to measure participation, defined as attendance and involvement in everyday situations, of children with disabilities, particularly in low- and middle-income settings.Objectives: To explore structural validity of PMP by identifying possible subcomponents in the attendance scale and examining internal consistency of the total score and each subcomponent.Method: A picture-supported interview was conducted with 182 children, 7–18 years, with and without intellectual disability (ID). Frequency of attendance in 20 activities was rated on a four-point Likert scale (never, seldom, sometimes and always).Results: An exploratory principal component analysis extracted four subcomponents: (1) organised activities, (2) social activities and taking care of others, (3) family life activities and 4) personal care and development activities. Internal consistency for the total scale (alpha = 0.85) and the first two subcomponents (alpha = 0.72 and 0.75) was acceptable. The two last subcomponents alpha values were 0.57 and 0.49.Conclusion: The four possible subcomponents of PMP can be used to provide information about possible domains in which participation and participation restrictions exist. This study provided further psychometric evidence about PMP as a measure of participation. The stability and the utility of these subcomponents needed further exploration.
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- Ho, Pei-Chi, et al.
(author)
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The relationships between capacity and performance in youths with cerebral palsy differ for GMFCS levels
- 2017
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In: Pediatric Physical Therapy. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0898-5669 .- 1538-005X. ; 29, s. 23-29
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: To examine change in, and longitudinal relationships between motor capacity and activity performanceacross the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).Methods: Ninety-two youths withcerebral palsy were examined at 2 time points, 1 year apart, using the Gross Motor Function Measure–66(GMFM-66) for motor capacity, and the Chinese version of the Activities Scale for Kids-Performance Version(ASKp-C) for activity performance. The score changes and capacity-to-performance/performance-to-capacitypathways were explored across GMFCS levels.Results: The GMFM-66 scores declined over time in GMFCSlevels IV-V while ASKp-C scores increased in GMFCS level I. The correlations for both pathways in GMFCSlevels I, III, and IV-V were significant with a higher correlation for performance-to-capacity pathway inGMFCS levels IV-V.Conclusions: Longitudinal changes in and relationships between capacity and performancediffer between GMFCS levels. The opportunities to perform activities need to be emphasized in GMFCS levelsIV-V.
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- Hsieh, Yu-Hsin, et al.
(author)
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Applying Eye-Gaze Assistive Technology in Daily Life in Children and Youth with Severe Physical Disabilities and Complex Communication Needs- A study protocol
- 2019
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: Children and youth with severe physical disabilities and complex communication needs might have decreased participation in school and community life. Recent studies have shown that using eye-gaze assistive technology (AT) with support from social environments, engagement of main caregivers and team collaboration could help their voices been heard based on ICF framework. However, the research evidences are insufficient.Purpose: This paper describes the study protocol that aims to investigate the feasibility of eye-gaze AT for participation and communication/social interaction in daily living in children and youth with severe physical disabilities and complex communication needs in Taiwan.Methods: A nonconcurrent multiple probe design with mixed methods will be conducted from September 2019 to August 2020. The eye gaze AT intervention will be implemented in daily activities with support from the multi-professional team to explore the acceptability and implementation in Taiwan’s contexts. The research data will be collected at baseline, at 3 months, 6 months, and at 7 months since provision of the eye-gaze AT, encompassing quantitative outcomes on children’s daily participation and social communication and qualitative interviews with parents and service providers.Expected results: This study expects to provide a preliminary evidence of eye-gaze AT implementation in Taiwan and bring new knowledge in both a national and international perspective.
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