| 1. |
- Arvidsson-Lenner, R, et al.
(author)
-
Glycaemic index
- 2004
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976. ; 48:2, s. 84-94
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The glycaemic index (GI) concept is based on the difference in blood glucose response after ingestion of the same amount of carbohydrates from different foods, and possible implications of these differences for health, performance and well-being. GI is defined as the incremental blood glucose area (0-2 h) following ingestion of 50 g of available carbohydrates in the test product as a percentage of the corresponding area following an equivalent amount of carbohydrate from a reference product. A high GI is generally accompanied by a high insulin response. The glycaemic load (GL) is the GI×the amount (g) of carbohydrate in the food/100. Many factors affect the GI of foods, and GI values in published tables are indicative only, and cannot be applied directly to individual foods. Properly determined GI values for individual foods have been used successfully to predict the glycaemic response of a meal, while table values have not. An internationally recognised method for GI determination is available, and work is in progress to improve inter- and intra-laboratory performance. Some epidemiological studies and intervention studies indicate that low GI diets may favourably influence the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease, although further well-controlled studies are needed for more definite conclusions. Low GI diets have been demonstrated to improve the blood glucose control, LDL-cholesterol and a risk factor for thrombosis in intervention studies with diabetes patients, but the effect in free-living conditions remains to be shown. The impact of GI in weight reduction and maintenance as well as exercise performance also needs further investigation. The GI concept should be applied only to foods providing at least 15 g and preferably 20 g of available carbohydrates per normal serving, and comparisons should be kept within the same food group. For healthy people, the significance of GI is still unclear and general labelling is therefore not recommended. If introduced, labelling should be product-specific and considered on a case-by-case basis.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Täubel, M., et al.
(author)
-
Co-occurrence of toxic bacterial and fungal secondary metabolites in moisture-damaged indoor environments
- 2011
-
In: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 21:5, s. 368-375
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Toxic microbial secondary metabolites have been proposed to be related to adverse health effects observed in moisture-damaged buildings. Initial steps in assessing the actual risk include the characterization of the exposure. In our study, we applied a multi-analyte tandem mass spectrometry-based methodology on sample materials of severely moisture-damaged homes, aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the variety of microbial metabolites occurring in building materials and different dust sample types. From 69 indoor samples, all were positive for at least one of the 186 analytes targeted and as many as 33 different microbial metabolites were found. For the first time, the presence of toxic bacterial metabolites and their co-occurrence with mycotoxins were shown for indoor samples. The bacterial compounds monactin, nonactin, staurosporin and valinomycin were exclusively detected in building materials from moist structures, while chloramphenicol was particularly prevalent in house dusts, including settled airborne dust. These bacterial metabolites are highly bioactive compounds produced by Streptomyces spp., a group of microbes that is considered a moisture damage indicator in indoor environments. We show that toxic bacterial metabolites need to be considered as being part of very complex and diverse microbial exposures in ’moldy’ buildings. Practical Implications: Bacterial toxins co-occur with mycotoxins in moisture-damaged indoor environments. These compounds are measurable also in settled airborne dust, indicating that inhalation exposure takes place. In attempts to characterize exposures to microbial metabolites not only mycotoxins but also bacterial metabolites have to be targeted by the analytical methods applied. We recommend including analysis of samples of outdoor air in the course of future indoor assessments, in an effort to better understand the outdoor contribution to the indoor presence of microbial toxins. There is a need for a sound risk assessment concerning the exposure to indoor microbial toxins at concentrations detectable in moisture-damaged indoor environments.
|
|
| 4. |
- Virkkala, Anna Maria, et al.
(author)
-
Statistical upscaling of ecosystem CO2 fluxes across the terrestrial tundra and boreal domain : Regional patterns and uncertainties
- 2021
-
In: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 27:17, s. 4040-4059
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The regional variability in tundra and boreal carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes can be high, complicating efforts to quantify sink-source patterns across the entire region. Statistical models are increasingly used to predict (i.e., upscale) CO2 fluxes across large spatial domains, but the reliability of different modeling techniques, each with different specifications and assumptions, has not been assessed in detail. Here, we compile eddy covariance and chamber measurements of annual and growing season CO2 fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during 1990–2015 from 148 terrestrial high-latitude (i.e., tundra and boreal) sites to analyze the spatial patterns and drivers of CO2 fluxes and test the accuracy and uncertainty of different statistical models. CO2 fluxes were upscaled at relatively high spatial resolution (1 km2) across the high-latitude region using five commonly used statistical models and their ensemble, that is, the median of all five models, using climatic, vegetation, and soil predictors. We found the performance of machine learning and ensemble predictions to outperform traditional regression methods. We also found the predictive performance of NEE-focused models to be low, relative to models predicting GPP and ER. Our data compilation and ensemble predictions showed that CO2 sink strength was larger in the boreal biome (observed and predicted average annual NEE −46 and −29 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively) compared to tundra (average annual NEE +10 and −2 g C m−2 yr−1). This pattern was associated with large spatial variability, reflecting local heterogeneity in soil organic carbon stocks, climate, and vegetation productivity. The terrestrial ecosystem CO2 budget, estimated using the annual NEE ensemble prediction, suggests the high-latitude region was on average an annual CO2 sink during 1990–2015, although uncertainty remains high.
|
|
| 5. |
- Dahl, J., et al.
(author)
-
No difference in survival, growth and morphology between offspring of wild-born, hatchery and hybrid brown trout (Salmo trutta)
- 2006
-
In: Ecology of Freshwater Fish. - : Wiley. - 0906-6691 .- 1600-0633. ; 15:4, s. 388-397
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We studied survival, growth and morphological characters in the offspring of native hatchery and wild-born anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) and their hybrids (wild-born female x hatchery male and wild-born male x hatchery female) in a 1-year field experiment. We also conducted laboratory studies where we examined social interactions between the offspring of the same hatchery and wild-born trout. All offspring were raised in a hatchery and nose tagged before being released into the stream. In total, 1125 individuals were released into the stream (1999) and a total of 614 individuals were recovered (2000). We found no differences in growth and survival between the offspring of hatchery, wild-born and hybrid trout. Morphology was also similar among groups, where only 38% females and 36% males were classified into the right category, which were only 12% better than random classification. In the laboratory experiment, we compared only the offspring of hatchery and wild-born trout with respect to growth, dominance, aggressiveness, feeding and activity. We found small differences between the offspring of hatchery and wild-born fish with respect to growth but this effect was not found in the field experiment. Our result suggests that the offspring of hatchery trout and hybrids between hatchery and wild-born trout performed equally well to the offspring of wild-born trout.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Järvi A, Karlström Brita, Vessby Bengt.
(author)
-
Är glykemiskt index användbart i praktiken?
- 1998
-
In: (Rapport) Scandianvian Journal of Nutrition 1998;42:83-6. ; 42, s. 83-
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Meager, J. J., et al.
(author)
-
Behavioural responses of hatchery-reared and wild cod Gadus morhua to mechano-acoustic predator signals
- 2011
-
In: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 78:5, s. 1437-1450
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The behavioural responses of wild (predator-experienced) and hatchery-reared (predator-naive) cod Gadus morhua to standardized mechano-acoustic (MA) stimuli were compared in the laboratory. Wild fish responded mainly with freezing and fast-start escapes away from the stimulus, whereas hatchery-reared fish often ignored or approached the stimulus. Wild fish also had stronger responses, turning faster during escapes and reducing activity immediately after the stimulus. Both fish types were less active on a 'risky' bare substratum after the stimulus. The antipredator responses of wild fish were consistent to repeated stimuli, whereas hatchery-reared fish that had generally only encountered harmless stimuli showed more variable responses with lower repeatability. This suggests that experience plays a role in shaping the behavioural response of fishes to MA stimuli.
|
|
