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- Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, et al.
(author)
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Modeling of ships as a source of underwater noise
- 2017
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Shipping as a source of underwater noise is increasing. Underwater noise emission levels are seldom considered as a ship design parameter unless low vessel noise is specifically required, like in the case of warships and research vessels. Noise emissions are not regulated yet, but the awareness of possible impacts of noise on marine life is increasing. This paper describes the implementation of a noise source model for the Ship Traffic Emission Abatement Model (STEAM; Jalkanen et al. 2009; 2012; Johansson et al, 2017). The combination of vessel technical description and activity can be used to generate noise source maps which are based on actual ship traffic data. The generated noise source maps can ve used to describe the energy emitted as noise to the water, which facilitates regular annual updates of the noise emissions from ship traffic in the Baltic Sea area.
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| 4. |
- Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, et al.
(author)
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Modelling of discharges from Baltic Sea shipping
- 2021
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In: Ocean Science. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1812-0784 .- 1812-0792.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper describes the new developments of the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) which enable the modelling of pollutant discharges to water from ships. These include nutrients from black/grey water discharges as well as from food waste. Further, the modelling of contaminants in ballast, black, grey and scrubber water, bilge discharges, and stern tube oil leaks are also described as well as releases of contaminants from antifouling paints.Each of the discharges is regulated by different sections of the IMO MARPOL convention, and emission patterns of different pollution releases vary significantly. The discharge patterns and total amounts for the year 2012 in the Baltic Sea area are reported and open-loop SOx scrubbing effluent was found to be the second-largest pollutant stream by volume. The scrubber discharges have increased significantly in recent years, and their environmental impacts need to be investigated in detail.
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| 5. |
- Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, et al.
(author)
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Underwater noise emissions from ships during 2014-2020
- 2022
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In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 311
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper reports trends in the input of underwater noise source energy emission from global shipping, based on bottom-up modeling of individual ships. In terms of energy, we predict the doubling of global shipping noise emissions every 11.5 years, on average, but there are large regional differences. Shipping noise emissions increase rapidly in Arctic areas and the Norwegian Sea. The largest contributors are the containerships, dry bulk and liquid tanker vessels which emit 75% of the underwater shipping noise source energy. The COVID-19 pandemic changed vessel traffic patterns and our modeling indicates a reduction of -6% in global shipping noise source energy in the 63 Hz 1/3 octave band. This reduction was largest in the Greenland Sea, the Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia as well as the Gulf of California, temporarily disrupting the increasing pre-pandemic noise emission trend. However, in some sea areas, such as the Indian Ocean, Yellow Sea and Eastern China Sea the emitted noise source energy was only slightly reduced. In global scale, COVID-19 pandemic reduced the underwater shipping noise emissions close to 2017 levels, but it is expected that the increasing trend of underwater noise emissions will continue when the global economy recovers.
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| 6. |
- Jalkanen, Pinja, et al.
(author)
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A Combination of N and S Antigens With IgA and IgG Measurement Strengthens the Accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 Serodiagnostics
- 2021
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In: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-1899 .- 1537-6613. ; 224:2, s. 218-228
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background. Primary diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is based on detection of virus RNA in nasopharyngeal swab samples. In addition, analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has an important role in viral diagnostics and seroprevalence estimates. Methods. We developed and optimized an enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N), Si and receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein, and N proteins from SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and 4 low-pathogenic human CoVs. Neutralizing antibody activity was compared with SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM EIA results. Results. The sensitivity of EIA for detecting immune response in COVID-19 patients (n = 101) was 77% in the acute phase and 100% in the convalescent phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection when N and RBD were used as antigens in IgG and IgA specific EIAs. SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased humoral immune responses against the 229E and NL63 N proteins. Si and RBD-based EIA results had a strong correlation with microneutralization test results. Conclusions. The data indicate a combination of SARS-CoV-2 Si or RBD and N proteins and analysis of IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes in sera provide an excellent basis for specific and sensitive serological diagnostics of COVID-19.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Lasse, et al.
(author)
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Model for leisure boat activities and emissions – implementation for the Baltic Sea
- 2020
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In: Ocean Science. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1812-0792 .- 1812-0784. ; 16:5, s. 1143-1163
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The activities and emissions from leisure boats in the Baltic Sea have been modeled in a comprehensive approach for the first time, using a new simulation model leisure Boat Emissions and Activities siMulator (BEAM). The model utilizes survey data to characterize the national leisure boat fleets. Leisure boats have been categorized based on their size, use and engine specifications, and for these subcategories emission factors for NOx, PM2.5, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and releases of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from antifouling paints have been estimated according to literature values. The modeling approach also considers the temporal and spatial distribution of leisure boat activities, which are applied to each simulated leisure boat separately. According to our results the CO and NMVOC emissions from leisure boats, as well as Cu and Zn released from antifouling paints, are significant when compared against the emissions originating from registered commercial shipping in the Baltic Sea. CO emissions equal 70 % of the registered shipping emissions and NMVOC emissions equal 160 % when compared against the modeled results in the Baltic Sea in 2014. Modeled NOx and PM2.5 from the leisure boats are less significant compared to the registered shipping emissions. The emissions from leisure boats are concentrated in the summer months of June, July and August and are released in the vicinity of inhabited coastal areas. Given the large emission estimates for leisure boats, this commonly overlooked source of emissions should be further investigated in greater detail.
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| 8. |
- Lunde Hermansson, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Strong economic incentives of ship scrubbers promoting pollution
- 2024
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In: Nature Sustainability. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 2398-9629.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In response to stricter regulations on ship air emissions, many shipowners have installed exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as scrubbers, allowing for use of cheap residual heavy fuel oil. Scrubbers produce large volumes of acidic and polluted water that is discharged to the sea. Due to environmental concerns, the use of scrubbers is being discussed within the International Maritime Organization. Real-world simulations of global scrubber-vessel activity, applying actual fuel costs and expenses related to scrubber operations, show that 51% of the global scrubber-fitted fleet reached economic break even by the end of 2022, with a surplus of €4.7 billion in 2019 euros. Within five years after installation, more than 95% of the ships with the most common scrubber systems reach break even. However, the marine ecotoxicity damage cost, from scrubber water discharge in the Baltic Sea Area 2014–2022, amounts to >€680 million in 2019 euros, showing that private economic interests come at the expense of marine environmental damage.
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| 9. |
- Magnusson, Kerstin, et al.
(author)
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Risk assessment of bilge water discharges in two Baltic shipping lanes
- 2018
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In: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 126, s. 575-584
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Environmental concentrations and effects of bilge water contaminants in two Baltic Sea areas were estimatedfrom modelling of discharge rates and analytical data on bilge water from seven ships. Biodegradation of bilgewater oil was accounted for and annual water concentrations were estimated to peak in late spring, whichcoincides with the beginning of a period with extensive biological activities in the sea.Concentrations on bilgewater metals were calculated both as water concentrations and as the annual contribution of metals to sediments.The predicted bilge water concentrations of oil and metal in the marine environment were estimated tobe 4 to 8 orders of magnitude lower than reported toxic concentrations. However, available toxicity data arebased on short term exposure and there is to date limited information on toxic effects of the small but chronicallyelevated contaminant concentrations derived from bilge water discharge and other operational shipping activities.
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| 10. |
- Maljutenko, Ilja, et al.
(author)
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Modelling spatial dispersion of contaminants from shipping lanes in the Baltic Sea
- 2021
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In: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 173
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Major sources of pollution from shipping to marine environments are antifouling paint residues and discharges of bilge, black, grey and ballast water and scrubber discharge water. The dispersion of copper, zinc, naphthalene, pyrene, and dibromochloromethane have been studied using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model, the General Estuarine Transport Model, and the Eulerian tracer transport model in the Baltic Sea in 2012. Annual loads of the contaminants ranged from 10-2 tons for pyrene to 100 s of tons for copper. The dispersion of the contaminants is determined by the surface kinetic energy and vertical stratification at the location of the discharge. The elevated concentration of the contaminants at the surface persists for about two-days and the contaminants are dispersed over the spatial scale of 10-60 km. The Danish Sounds, the southwestern Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland are under the heaviest pressure of shipborne contaminants in the Baltic Sea.
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