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1.
  • Palacin, M. R., et al. (author)
  • Roadmap on multivalent batteries
  • 2024
  • In: JPhys Energy. - 2515-7655. ; 6:3
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Battery technologies based in multivalent charge carriers with ideally two or three electrons transferred per ion exchanged between the electrodes have large promises in raw performance numbers, most often expressed as high energy density, and are also ideally based on raw materials that are widely abundant and less expensive. Yet, these are still globally in their infancy, with some concepts (e.g. Mg metal) being more technologically mature. The challenges to address are derived on one side from the highly polarizing nature of multivalent ions when compared to single valent concepts such as Li+ or Na+ present in Li-ion or Na-ion batteries, and on the other, from the difficulties in achieving efficient metal plating/stripping (which remains the holy grail for lithium). Nonetheless, research performed to date has given some fruits and a clearer view of the challenges ahead. These include technological topics (production of thin and ductile metal foil anodes) but also chemical aspects (electrolytes with high conductivity enabling efficient plating/stripping) or high-capacity cathodes with suitable kinetics (better inorganic hosts for intercalation of such highly polarizable multivalent ions). This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in the different technologies, which exhibit similarities but also striking differences, of the current state of the art in 2023 and the research directions and strategies currently underway to develop multivalent batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges, potential bottlenecks, and also emerging opportunities for their practical deployment.
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2.
  • Wijaya, Olivia, et al. (author)
  • A gamma fluorinated ether as an additive for enhanced oxygen activity in Li-O-2 batteries
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 3:37, s. 19061-19067
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are known for their high O-2 solubility and have been investigated as additives in Li-O-2 cells to enhance the cathode performance. However, the immiscibility of PFCs with organic solvents remains the main issue to be addressed as it hinders PFC practical application in Li-O-2 cells. Furthermore, the effect of PFC additives on the O-2 mass transport properties in the catholyte and their stability has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we investigated the properties of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-6-propoxyhexane (TE4), a gamma fluorinated ether, and found it to be miscible with tetraglyme (TEGDME), a solvent commonly used in Li-O-2 cells. The results show that with the TE4 additive up to 4 times higher O-2 solubility and up to 2 times higher O-2 diffusibility can be achieved. With 20 vol% TE4 addition, the discharge capacity increased about 10 times at a high discharge rate of 400 mA g(C)(-1), corresponding to about 0.4 mA cm(-2). The chemical stability of TE4 after Li-O-2 cell discharge is investigated using H-1 and F-19 NMR, and the TE4 signal is retained after discharge. FTIR and XPS measurements indicate the presence of Li2O2 as a discharged product, together with side products from the parasitic reactions of LiTFSI salt and TEGDME.
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