| 1. |
- Jakonis, Darius, et al.
(author)
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Readout architectures for uncooled IR detector arrays
- 2000
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In: Sensors and Actuators A-Physical. - 0924-4247 .- 1873-3069. ; 84:3, s. 220-229
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main idea of this paper is to compare the readout architectures for uncooled microbolometer focal plane detector arrays with respect to the detector and readout circuit noise. The comparison is done keeping the total power consumption of all architectures constant. Three CMOS readout architectures with different degree of parallelism are described in this paper: pixelwise, columnwise and serial. The noise model of the readout circuit is given. Also, the optimization for the lowest NETD (noise equivalent temperature difference) and estimation of the self-heating effect is presented.
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| 2. |
- Jansson, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Heat balance of an asphalt surface : observations and physically-based simulations
- 2006
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In: Meteorological Applications. - : Wiley. - 1350-4827 .- 1469-8080. ; 13:2, s. 203-212
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A physically-based 1-D beat and mass transfer model was tested to estimate the beat fluxes of an asphalt surface. The model was run for two summer months for a road test site in southwest Sweden. Parameters for thermal properties, surface runoff, radiation and turbulent transfer were obtained from a description of the road stratification and from the literature. Coefficients of determination (r(2)) 0.94, 0.93 and 0.97 were obtained when simulated results were compared with observations of net radiation, beat flow below the surface and surface temperature respectively, all with slope coefficients close to unity. In addition, simulation results elucidated the robe of water vapour transport through the asphalt-soil profile and its effect on the latent beat flow from the surface. Problems were identified with closure of the beat balance in measurements based on discrepancy between simulated and observed sensible heat flux.
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| 3. |
- Jansson, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Near surface climate in an urban vegetated park and its surroundings
- 2007
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In: Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0177-798X .- 1434-4483. ; 89:34, s. 185-193
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Near surface climate was observed through temperature profiling from the surface to 2.47 m height in an urban vegetated park and its surroundings in central Stockholm, Sweden. Measurements were conducted during three summer days by mobile traverses. Air temperature differences between the built-up area and the park were in the range of 0.5-0.8°C during the day and reached a maximum of 2°C at sunset. The thermal stratification of the air was mainly stable in the park and unstable in the built-up area. Inverse air temperature profiles in the park were less stable in open than in shady areas, and close to neutral at midday. The most unstable air was found in the north-south orientated canyons in the early afternoon. Possible heat advection from the surroundings, and thus uncoupling between the surface and the air, was identified through temperature gradients pointing at different directions within the 2.47 m profile. Examples at midday indicated that warm air advected as far as 150 m into the park.
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| 4. |
- Jansson, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Preferential water flow in a glacial till soil
- 2005
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In: Nordic Hydrology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0029-1277. ; 36:1, s. 1-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Measured and simulated response of runoff during snowmelt has suggested that preferential water flow occurs as part of the infiltration process in glacial till. However, only a few quantitative studies have been presented. TDR measurements of soil water content were performed during the growing period in a till slope (7-10%) outside Stockholm. Soil cores were used to determine the water retention curve and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. A physically based one-dimensional model was used to simulate soil water dynamics in the slope. Two simulation approaches were used: a strict one-domain Darcian approach and a two-domain approach accounting for a bypass of the matrix flow system. The measured response of soil water content occurred within the first few hours after rainfall. This was best represented by the two-domain approach, while the response for the one-domain approach was significantly delayed with time and depth. The general behaviour of the soil water content throughout the season was, however, best simulated with a one-domain approach. The results indicated that preferential flow patterns through the unsaturated zone does not need to be considered to describe the seasonal pattern in glacial till soil. However, the results also point out that the purpose of the simulation is decisive when choosing a simulation approach, depending on whether the general soil water content over the season or the instant behaviour immediately after rainfall is of major interest.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Jansson, Christer, 1974-
(author)
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Urban microclimate and surface hydrometeorological processes
- 2006
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The urban near surface atmosphere is of great concern since it affects the climate to which an increasing amount of people are immediately exposed. This study investigated the microclimate in central Stockholm in terms of the thermal conditions in the 0-2.5 m air layer and the water and heat exchange processes at different types of surfaces found within the urban environment. The main objective was to improve our understanding of the urban small-scale climate system. The urban microclimate was measured in terms of vertical air temperature profiles along a horizontal transect running through a vegetated park and its built-up surroundings during three clear and relatively calm summer days. The results showed that the air temperature at 1.2 m height within the park was 0.5 to 1.5 K lower than in the surrounding city blocks, and that the thermal stratification was generally stable (increasing temperature with height) in the park and unstable (decreasing temperature with height) in the built-up areas. In addition, there were a few examples of temperature gradients orientated in different directions within the lowest 2.5 m air layer, indicating horizontal advection between the park and the built-up areas. Climate conditions simulated with a three-dimensional microclimate model agreed well with observations and the model was therefore assumed to provide reasonable representations of important climate processes such as surface-air energy exchange processes. However, there were some discrepancies between observations and simulations that are discussed in terms of differences in real and modelled heat storage processes and wind conditions. Processes that need to be included for a more precise model description of areas such as the Stockholm environment include dynamic heat storage in buildings and dynamic wind forcing during the course of the simulation. A soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model was used to study soil water transport, the surface energy balance of an asphalt surface, and the impact of urban climate on evapotranspiration. Based on model calibration to field measurements of soil water content in a till catchment outside Stockholm, new parameter values were estimated that can be used for water flow modelling of till soils. The heat fluxes of an asphalt surface were reliably simulated without knowledge of site-specific calibration and the model was useful in identifying problems with energy balance closure based on measurements only. Simulations of ‘urban’ modifications to the forcing climate conditions demonstrated that increased air temperature, and thereby increased vapour pressure deficit, had most effect on evapotranspiration from tall vegetation, while increased long-wave radiation raised grass evapotranspiration the most.
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| 7. |
- Ahlberg, Erik, et al.
(author)
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"Vi klimatforskare stödjer Greta och skolungdomarna"
- 2019
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In: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - 1101-2447.
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 15/3. Sedan industrialiseringens början har vi använt omkring fyra femtedelar av den mängd fossilt kol som får förbrännas för att vi ska klara Parisavtalet. Vi har bara en femtedel kvar och det är bråttom att kraftigt reducera utsläppen. Det har Greta Thunberg och de strejkande ungdomarna förstått. Därför stödjer vi deras krav, skriver 270 klimatforskare.
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| 8. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Dangerous use of mobile phones and other communication devices while driving : A toolbox of counter-measures
- 2013
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In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The use of mobile phone and similar devices while driving has been a topic of discussion and research for several years. It is now an established fact that driving performance is deteriorated due to distraction but no clear conclusions can yet be drawn concerning influence on crash rates. Better studies on this relationship is needed. Most countries in Europe and many countries elsewhere have introduced different types of bans for handheld devices. Sweden has, however, no such bans. VTI was commissioned by the Swedish Government to outline possible means to reduce the dangerous usage of mobile phones and other communication devices while driving as alternatives to banning. This task was a result of a previous VTI-state-of-the-art review of research on mobile phone and other communication device usage while driving. One of the findings in the review was that bans on handheld phones did not appear to reduce the number of crashes.Eighteen different countermeasures in three main areas were suggested. (1) Technical solutions such as countermeasures directed towards the infrastructure, the vehicle and the communication device. (2) Education and information, describing different ways to increase knowledge and understanding among stakeholders and different driver categories. (3) Different possibilities for how society, industry and organisations can influence the behaviour of individuals, via policies, rules, recommendations and incentives. Our conclusion is that a combination of different countermeasures is needed – where education and information to the drivers are combined with support and incentives for a safe usage of different communication devices.
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| 9. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Effects of partially automated driving on the development of driver sleepiness
- 2021
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 153
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the development of sleepiness during manual driving versus level 2 partially automated driving, when driving on a motorway in Sweden. The hypothesis was that partially auto-mated driving will lead to higher levels of fatigue due to underload. Eighty-nine drivers were included in the study using a 2 ? 2 design with the conditions manual versus partially automated driving and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived). The results showed that night-time driving led to markedly increased levels of sleepiness in terms of subjective sleepiness ratings, blink durations, PERCLOS, pupil diameter and heart rate. Partially automated driving led to slightly higher subjective sleepiness ratings, longer blink durations, decreased pupil diameter, slower heart rate, and higher EEG alpha and theta activity. However, elevated levels of sleepiness mainly arose from the night-time drives when the sleep pressure was high. During daytime, when the drivers were alert, partially automated driving had little or no detrimental effects on driver fatigue. Whether the negative effects of increased sleepiness during partially automated driving can be compensated by the positive effects of lateral and longitudinal driving support needs to be investigated in further studies.
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| 10. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Local changes in the wake electroencephalogram precedes lane departures
- 2017
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In: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 26:6, s. 816-819
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this exploratory study is to investigate if lane departures are associated with local sleep, measured via source-localized electroencephalography (EEG) theta power in the 5-9 Hz frequency range. Thirty participants drove in an advanced driving simulator, resulting in 135 lane departures at high levels of self-reported sleepiness. These lane departures were compared to matching non-departures at the same sleepiness level within the same individual. There was no correspondence between lane departures and global theta activity. However, at the local level an increased risk for lane departures was associated with increased theta content in brain regions related to motor function.
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