| 1. |
- Abish, Aynur, 1982-
(author)
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Modality in Kazakh as spoken in China
- 2014
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This is a comprehensive study on expressions of modality in one of the largest Turkic languages, Kazakh, as it is spoken in China. Kazakh is the official language of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is furthermore spoken by about one and a half million people in China in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and in Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu Province.The method employed is empirical, i.e. data-oriented. The modal expressions in Kazakh are analyzed in a theoretical framework essentially based on the works of Lars Johanson. The framework defines semantic notions of modality from a functional and typological perspective. The modal volition, deontic evaluation, and epistemic evaluation express attitudes towards the propositional content and are conveyed in Kazakh by grammaticalized moods, particles and lexical devices. All these categories are treated in detail, and ample examples of their different usages are provided with interlinear annotation. The Kazakh expressions are compared with corresponding ones used in other Turkic languages. Contact influences of Uyghur and Chinese are also dealt with.The data used in this study include texts recorded by the author in 20102012, mostly in the northern regions of Xinjiang, as well as written texts published in Kazakhstan and China. The written texts represent different genres: fiction, non-fiction, poetry and texts published on the Internet. Moreover, examples have been elicited from native speakers of Kazakh and Uyghur.The Appendix contains nine texts recorded by the author in the Kazakh-speaking regions of Xinjiang, China. These texts illustrate the use of many of the items treated in the study.
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| 2. |
- Hilmersson, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Serendipitous Opportunities, Entrepreneurial Logic and Knowledge in International Business Networks
- 2016
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Few researchers and even fewer practitioners would deny that luck, chance or serendipitous events play a central role in the growth process of firms. However, most entrepreneurship models ignore the role of serendipity in the opportunity discovery process. Instead, it is assumed that international opportunities are discovered or created by entrepreneurs. In this paper we provide a more nuanced view on international opportunities by developing the role of serendipitous opportunities in the internationalization process. We develop a model integrating the notions of serendipity, entrepreneurial logic, experiential knowledge and network knowledge redundancy. From our model we condense three sets of hypotheses on the relationships among experiential knowledge and entrepreneurial logic, network knowledge redundancy and entrepreneurial logic, and entrepreneurial logic and serendipity. We confront our hypotheses with data collected on-site at 160 firms covering 226 opportunities. The result of our analysis reveals that experiential knowledge and network knowledge redundancy both lead to a more causation-based logic of the firm. Causation in turn reduces the likeliness that serendipitous opportunities will be realized in the internationalization process. These findings come with implications for both researchers and practitioners.
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| 3. |
- Hohenthal, Jukka, et al.
(author)
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Experience and growth expectations in the internationalization process of SME’s
- 2006
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In: EMAC.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to test if prior knowledge and market knowledge influence the firm’s expectation that it will find growth opportunities in foreign markets. The study advances four hypotheses, which are tested on a sample of460 CEO’s or managers in firms in Denmark, New Zealand and Sweden. A LISREL analysis gives support to three of the hypotheses: General international business experience and knowledge about competitors in the foreign tend to have a positive effect on the firm’s expectation to find growth opportunities. Firms with a higher degree of international experience tend to have more relevant international business experience. Knowledge about the customer, however, had the opposite sign to the proposed one. Firms with more knowledge about customers tend to see less growth opportunities. The main conclusion drawn from the study is that firms expect to find growth opportunities based on its concrete business experience. Business operations can help the firm to recognize opportunities but also limit how far it can see. The operations thereby define the firm’s opportunity horizon. Customer knowledge, however, seems to be a result of already exploited opportunities.
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| 4. |
- Hohenthal, Jukka, et al.
(author)
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Market discovery and the international expansion of the firm
- 2003
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In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 12:6, s. 659-672
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to formulate a theoretical framework for studies of antecedents and consequences of discoveries during international expansion. By introducing market discovery it seems to be possible to offer a richer understanding of the pattern and pace of the international expansion of a firm. Market discovery is the result of both exploration and exploitation activities, but in order to exploit market discovery, a firm must learn to handle the discovered opportunity. A discovery, usually made while a firm is conducting daily activities, occurs in connection with search, planning, routine, and improvisation. The resulting learning can lead to changes in pace, orientation, and extension of the international expansion of the firm. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hohenthal, Jukka, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Network knowledge and business-relationship value in the foreign market
- 2014
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In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:1, s. 4-19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on the key assumptions that firms are opportunity seeking and that they gain critical knowledge operating in a network of relationships, this paper focuses on early expansion in foreign market networks. In particular, the paper examines the relation between experience and business-relationship value in a foreign market. While experience and experiential knowledge are central concepts in international business, little has been written about their effects on the value of business relationships. The paper formulates a set of interrelated hypotheses on the effects of international experience, experiential network knowledge and importance of customer and competitor knowledge on the value of business relationships in a foreign market. They are combined in a structural model, which is tested on a sample through LISREL. The main conclusion drawn from the study is that experiential network knowledge and knowledge about the importance of customers and competitors in the network influence the value of business relationships in a foreign market in different ways. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 7. |
- Hohenthal, Jukka, et al.
(author)
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Network Knowledge and Business-Relationship Value in the Foreign Market
- 2015
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In: Knowledge, Networks and Power. - London : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137508829 - 9781349506125 ; , s. 187-224
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In several studies it has been observed that single business relationships can play a critical role in the early international expansion of SME firms (Chetty and Blankenburg Holm, 2000; Child et al., 2002; Ellis, 2000; Hilmersson and Jansson, 2011; Johanson and Vahlne, 2003; Sharma and Blomstermo, 2003). It has also been shown that network constructs can be used fruitfully for understanding and explaining SME internationalisation (Coviello and Munro, 1995; Hadley and Wilson, 2003; Oviatt and McDougall, 2005). Against this background, a purpose of this paper is to study how networks influence business relationships in foreign markets.
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| 8. |
- Johanson, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Developing Business in Eastern European Networks
- 1999
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In: Business Entry in Eastern Europe. ; , s. 46-71
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on the assumptions that firms entering emerging markets typically are ignorant about these markets this paper discusses learning as a consequence of discoveries of the beforehand unknowable. Market discoveries are related to search and routine activities. Three cases presenting entry processes of Swedish firms in China, Saudi-Arabia and Russia are presented and commented. Improvisation is introduced as a method to handle unpredictable changes.
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| 9. |
- Johanson, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Entering Emerging Markets : Ignorance and Discovery
- 2004
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In: Global Firms and Emerging Markets in an Age of Anxiety. - : Westport: Praeger Publishers. ; , s. pp. 207-223
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on the assumptions that firms entering emerging markets typically are ignorant about these markets this paper discusses learning as a consequence of discoveries of the beforehand unknowable. Market discoveries are related to search and routine activities. Three cases presenting entry processes of Swedish firms in China, Saudi-Arabia and Russia are presented and commented. Improvisation is introduced as a method to handle unpredictable changes.
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| 10. |
- Johanson, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Entering emerging markets – Ignorance and discovery
- 2003
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In: Essays for New Global Anxiety. - : Quorum Books.
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Based on the assumptions that firms entering the transiton markets typically are ignorant about these market and that these markets, owing to the transition from plan-governed system to a market economy, typically are turbulent, the paper argues that the entry process as a consequence contains discoveries of the beforehand unknowable. A longitudinal study made in real-time of a Swedish firm’s entry process into the Russian market from 1987 until 1996 indicates that this development is tied to different types of activities. The paper makes a distinction of performance of three types of activities: search, routine and improvisation, and discusses how these relate to the discoveries made and the characteristics of the entry process.
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