| 1. |
- O'Gorman, Eoin J., et al.
(author)
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Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic Communities : Individual-to Ecosystem-Level Responses
- 2012
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In: Advances in Ecological Research, Vol 47. - : Elsevier. - 9780123983152 ; , s. 81-176
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Environmental warming is predicted to rise dramatically over the next century, yet few studies have investigated its effects in natural, multi-species systems. We present data collated over an 8-year period from a catchment of geothermally heated streams in Iceland, which acts as a natural experiment on the effects of warming across different organisational levels and spatiotemporal scales. Body sizes and population biomasses of individual species responded strongly to temperature, with some providing evidence to support temperature size rules. Macroinvertebrate and meiofaunal community composition also changed dramatically across the thermal gradient. Interactions within the warm streams in particular were characterised by food chains linking algae to snails to the apex predator, brown trout These chains were missing from the colder systems, where snails were replaced by much smaller herbivores and invertebrate omnivores were the top predators. Trout were also subsidised by terrestrial invertebrate prey, which could have an effect analogous to apparent competition within the aquatic prey assemblage. Top-down effects by snails on diatoms were stronger in the warmer streams, which could account for a shallowing of mass-abundance slopes across the community. This may indicate reduced energy transfer efficiency from resources to consumers in the warmer systems and/or a change in predator-prey mass ratios. All the ecosystem process rates investigated increased with temperature, but with differing thermal sensitivities, with important implications for overall ecosystem functioning (e.g. creating potential imbalances in elemental fluxes). Ecosystem respiration rose rapidly with temperature, leading to increased heterotrophy. There were also indications that food web stability may be lower in the warmer streams.
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| 2. |
- Blom, Hans, et al.
(author)
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Parallel Fluorescence Detection of Single Biomolecules in Microarrays by a Diffractive-Optical-Designed 2 x 2 Fan-Out Element
- 2002
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In: Applied Optics. - 1559-128X .- 2155-3165. ; 41:16, s. 3336-3342
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have developed a multifocal diffractive-optical fluorescence correlation spectroscopy system for parallel excitation and detection of single tetramethylrhodamine biomolecules in microarrays. Multifocal excitation was made possible through the use of a 2 × 2 fan-out diffractive-optical element with uniform intensity in all foci. Characterization of the 2 × 2 fan-out diffractive-optical element shows formation of almost perfect Gaussian foci of submicrometer lateral diameter, as analyzed by thermal motion of tetramethylrhodamine dye molecules in solution. Results of parallel excitation and detection in a high-density microarray of circular wells show single-biomolecule sensitivity in all four foci simultaneously.
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| 3. |
- Brodersen, Jakob, et al.
(author)
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Short-and long term niche segregation and individual specialization of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in species poor Faroese lakes
- 2012
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In: Environmental Biology of Fishes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0378-1909 .- 1573-5133. ; 93:3, s. 305-318
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Trophic niche divergence is considered to be a major process by which species coexistence is facilitated. When studying niche segregation in lake ecosystems, we tend to view the niche on a one-dimensional pelagic-littoral axis. In reality, however, the niche use may be more complex and individual fidelity to a niche may be variable both between and within populations. In order to study this complexity, relative simple systems with few species are needed. In this paper, we study how competitor presence affects the resource use of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in 11 species-poor Faroese lakes by comparing relative abundance, stable isotope ratios and diet in multiple habitats. In the presence of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a higher proportion of the trout population was found in the pelagic habitat, and trout in general relied on a more pelagic diet base as compared to trout living in allopatry or in sympatry with Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Diet analyses revealed, however, that niche-segregation may be more complex than described on a one-dimensional pelagic-littoral axis. Trout from both littoral and offshore benthic habitats had in the presence of sticklebacks a less benthic diet as compared to trout living in allopatry or in sympatry with charr. Furthermore, we found individual habitat specialization between littoral/benthic and pelagic trout in deep lakes. Hence, our findings indicate that for trout populations interspecific competition can drive shifts in both habitat and niche use, but at the same time they illustrate the complexity of the ecological niche in freshwater ecosystems.
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| 4. |
- Hermansson, Liselotte M. N., 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Swedish normative data for the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure – SHAP
- 2014
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In: MEC'14. - Frederiction, New Brunswick, Canada : University of New Brunswick; Fredericton, Canada. - 9781551311760
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Today there is an increasing awareness of the need for validated instruments in upper limb prosthetics outcome assessments. One of the instruments suggested is the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP). In order for the clinicians to know how to interpret the results from the assessments, norms for different age groups are needed. Previously, normative data for SHAP has been reported for an English sample and work is underway from Slovenia. However, norms are only available for people up to 75 years of age, and no normative data is available for Sweden. Hence, the aim was to collect data also from people age 75 and older, and from Sweden.Methods: Participants and procedure — 58 persons (md age 52.5, range 20-92 years) participated in the study. Participants were recruited among students at Örebro University, staff at Örebro University Hospital, and people attending a community-based centre for senior citizens. Inclusion criteria were self-determined normal hand-function and no hand-impairment at time of testing. Data was collected according to the standardized procedure in the manual, and by one single "assessor" an OT-student. Instrumentation — The SHAPconsists of 26 tasks: 6 abstract objects in both lightweight and heavyweight form, and 14 simulated ADL-tasks. All tasks are representing one out of six grip-patterns. The subject is instructed to start and stop the timer before and after performing the task. An overall score, the Index of Functionality (IOF), is calculated based on the resulting times.Results: Mean IOF was 96.7. One-way ANOVA with index of functionality as dependent variable showed a statistical significant difference in dominant hand function between age groups.
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| 5. |
- Hubel, Christopher, et al.
(author)
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Latent anxiety and depression dimensions differ amongst patients with eating disorders : A Swedish nationwide investigation
- 2023
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 32:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectiveAnxiety and depression symptoms are common in individuals with eating disorders. To study these co-occurrences, we need high-quality self-report questionnaires. The 19-item self-rated Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale for Affective Syndromes (CPRS-S-A) is not validated in patients with eating disorders. We tested its factor structure, invariance, and differences in its latent dimensions.MethodPatients were registered by 45 treatment units in the Swedish nationwide Stepwise quality assurance database for specialised eating disorder care (n = 9509). Patients self-reported their anxiety and depression symptoms on the CPRS-S-A. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in split samples, and testing of invariance and differences in subscales across eating disorder types.ResultsResults suggested a four-factor solution: Depression, Somatic and fear symptoms, Disinterest, and Worry. Multigroup CFA indicated an invariant factor structure. We detected the following differences: Patients with anorexia nervosa binge-eating/purging subtype scored the highest and patients with unspecified feeding and eating disorders the lowest on all subscales. Patients with anorexia nervosa or purging disorder show more somatic and fear symptoms than individuals with either bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder.ConclusionOur four-factor solution of the CPRS-S-A is suitable for patients with eating disorders and may help to identify differences in anxiety and depression dimensions amongst patients with eating disorders.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Kristina, et al.
(author)
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A tool for assessment of risk of bias in studies of adverse effects of orthodontic treatment applied in a systematic review on external root resorption
- 2021
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In: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press. - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 43:4, s. 457-466
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Systematic reviews (SRs) are considered to provide reliable estimates, but flaws in designs, methods of monitoring effects, and outcomes have the potential to bias results. There are several tools for assessing risk of bias (RoB), most of them designed for SRs of beneficial effects. To our knowledge, there is no tool that is adapted specifically to assess RoB in studies of adverse effects associated with orthodontic treatment. To address this, the aim of this study was first to introduce a tool for assessment of RoB in studies of adverse effects associated with orthodontic treatment and, second, to apply it in an SR of external root resorption (ERR) associated with orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The approach with domains supported by signalling questions was used for the tool. Domains and signalling questions were tailored to the review questions of the SR of studies of ERR after orthodontic treatment using periapical radiography or cone beam computed tomography. Duplicate study selection, data extraction, and RoB assessment using the tool, followed by meta-analyses, were performed.RESULTS: Using the tool for the assessment of RoB identified shortcomings and report deficiencies of primary studies concerning the presentation of orthodontic treatment, identification of ERR, and analysis of outcomes. RoB assessment resulted in 12 of 32 studies read in full text being included. Reported severe ERR varied across studies between 2 and 14 per cent for all incisors and 10 and 29 per cent for maxillary incisors. Results of ERR related to patients' age and sex, orthodontic diagnosis, and treatment were contradictory. Quality of evidence evaluated by GRADE was low due to study limitations, imprecision, and inconsistency of study results.CONCLUSIONS: As the tool and its application highlight important issues to consider when planning, conducting, and reporting research, the tool may have a valuable role for quality enhancement of future studies of outcomes of orthodontic treatment. The tool may also serve for authors when planning SRs. Our SR identified a need for studies that use rigorous methodology and transparent reporting.REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (ID = CRD42018084725).
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Kristina
(author)
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Adverse effects during treatment in adolescents with crowded and displaced teeth : clinical and methodological studies on external root resorption and pain associated with fixed appliances
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Malocclusion is a common condition in children and adolescents with a worldwide prevalence of 56%. It is estimated that approximately 30% of Swedish children and adolescents undergo orthodontic treatment at specialist clinics under Sweden’s free comprehensive dental care for children and young patients, with crowded and displaced teeth being one of the main reasons. One of the treatments used to align teeth is placing fixed appliances with brackets on the teeth. The beneficial effects of the treatment include well-aligned teeth and healthy, stable occlusion. However, every orthodontic treatment entails a risk of adverse effects such as external root resorption and pain. In recent decades, a technique that uses passive self-ligating brackets has gained in popularity. This technique is said to generate less frictional resistance, more physiological tissue response and reduced adverse effects compared to conventional techniques. According to a Cochrane report from 2021, the current evidence is sparse regarding fixed appliance treatment in general, and specifically for the treatment effect of passive self-ligating brackets compared to conventional bracket systems in the treatment of crowded teeth in children. Radiographic examinations before, during and after the treatment are recommended to monitor the risk of severe external root resorption. The recommendations given in textbooks and scientific articles are contradictive as different check-up intervals and radiographic modalities are recommended. Moreover, the grounds for the recommendations are weak, and due to radiation doses and the ALADA (“as low as diagnostically acceptable”) principle, it may not be justifiable for all patients. The CROWDIT (Crowded Displaced Teeth) project was started to decrease knowledge gaps concerning fixed appliance treatment of adolescents with crowded and displaced teeth, from the perspective of patients, clinicians and society. The overall aim of this thesis was to present a systematic, comprehensive evaluation of external apical root resorption and pain levels across various treatment phases during the orthodontic treatment of adolescents with crowded and displaced teeth. These evaluations were based on an RCT (Randomized Clinical Trial) consisting of treatments performed without extractions using either passive self-ligating or conventional bracket systems. The first study of the thesis was a systematic review aimed at evaluating the scientific evidence and identifying knowledge gaps concerning external root resorption. During the preparatory work for the systematic review, no appropriate tool was found to assess the risk of bias in studies of adverse effects associated with orthodontic treatment. For this reason, a tool was designed to assess that risk of bias.The tool and its application in a systematic review identified knowledge gaps and highlighted issues concerning the planning, conducting and reporting of studies. Based on this new knowledge, a methodological study was carried out of reliability and agreement in root length measurements, and two randomized controlled trials were conducted investigating external apical root resorption and pain.We expect that the outcomes of this thesis and the further studies planned as part of the CROWDIT project will decrease the knowledge gaps and that the results will be integrated into the national guidelines for orthodontic treatment. We anticipate that the outcomes will thereby influence future oral healthcare so that the treatment of adolescents with crowded and displaced teeth using fixed appliances will be supported by scientific evidence.This thesis was thus based on the following studies:Paper I: Development of a tool for assessing the risk of bias was developed and applied in a systematic review to answer the following questions:· What frequencies and severities of external root resorption have been reported?· Is frequency and severity of external root resorption related to the patient’s age, sex, malocclusion or type of appliance?Paper II: A methodological study that aimed to investigate:· The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability and agreement for measurements of the root length of all teeth from incisors to molars using multiplanar reconstruction in CBCT examinations during different phases of orthodontic treatment in adolescents with fixed appliances.Paper III: Originated from a multi-centre RCT that aimed to investigate: · The frequency and severity of external apical root resorption identified through CBCT examinations obtained before treatment, after levelling of the teeth and insertion of the first 0.019 x 0.025 stainless steel archwire, and after treatment using either passive self-ligating or conventional fixed appliance systems. A further aim was to assess the results in relation to the most affected tooth groups, the time required for levelling, the duration of the 0.019 x 0.025 stainless steel archwire, total treatment time, differences in sex and initial irregularity of teeth.· The relevance of intermediate radiography for the early detection of severe or extreme external apical root resorption. Paper IV: Originated from a multi-centre RCT that aimed to investigate:· Self-reported pain levels across various treatment phases for patients using passive self-ligating or conventional bracket systems.· Pain levels in relation to sex, initial archwire dimension, intake of analgesics, degree of displacement of the anterior teeth and impact on everyday activities. Key findings of Paper I:· External root resorption of ≥ 2 mm varied across studies by between 10% and 29% for maxillary incisors. · Data concerning external root resorption as related to patients’ age sex, malocclusion, and type of treatment was contradictory· The quality of the evidence, evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach, was low due to study limitations, imprecision and inconsistency of study results.Key findings of Paper II· CBCT using MPR is a reproducible method for measuring root length during different phases of orthodontic treatment. · Root shortening of ≤ 2 mm measured by CBCT using MPR, for clinical or research purposes, should be interpreted with caution as it may represent a measurement error.Key findings of Paper III· The mean external apical root resorption in mm for upper incisors was 0.20 in the passive self-ligating group and 0.51 in the conventional group, while the corresponding proportion of roots with clinically relevant EARR (≥ 2 mm) was 5.0% and 7.2% respectively.· None of the variables treatment time, sex or initial irregularity of teeth could significantly predict the mean external apical root resorption of the upper incisors.· It would appear that the relevance of intermediate radiographic examination is negligible for the early detection of severe external apical root resorption.Key findings of Paper IV· Pain levels of 9 to 10 on a 10-point scale were reported from 21.8% of patients in the passive self-ligating group and 30.3% in the conventional group on the most painful day (NS). · Statistically significant, lower mean pain scores and a lower intake of analgesics were reported in the passive self-ligating group than in the conventional group on the first days after bonding in both arches. · After the insertion of the full-size stainless steel archwire, 40% of patients reported taking analgesics.· It was found that girls reported lower pain scores compared to boys. Conclusions and clinical implications:There is a low quality of scientific evidence regarding external root resorption associated with orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Measurement of root length in CBCT images ia a reproducible method for measuring root length but measured values below 2 mm should be interpreted with caution as they may contain measurement errors.The frequency and severity of external apical root resorption was generally low and similar for patients treated with passive self-ligating and conventional bracket systems.Intermediate radiography may be avoided in an adolescent population with crowded teeth treated without extraction, which aligns with the ALADA principle and underlines the importance of individual indications for radiographic examinations and the minimization of radiation doses.Patients treated with passive self-ligating brackets report lower pain levels and intake of analgesics compared to those treated with conventional bracket systems after treatment initiation. In general girls reported lower pain scores compared to boys.It is important to inform the patients and their parents before treatment that pain levels are generally substantially high after bonding as well as after insertion of a full-size stainless steel archwire.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Kerstin, et al.
(author)
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"I can walk briskly and talk at the same time" - effects of Expiratory Muscle Strength Training (EMST) on respiration and speech in multiple sclerosis
- 2012
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In: Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. - 1065-1438. ; 20:4, s. 70-76
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, a single-subject design (A1-B-A2) was used for five participants (P1-P5) with multiple sclerosis (MS) with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of 2 to 8 who performed expiratory muscle strength training (EMST). During phase B (6 weeks), all five trained using a positive-expiratory pressure threshold trainer (PEPTT) with a maximum resistance of 20 cm H2O. P4 and P5, with lower EDSS scores (2 and 3), then trained using the "EMST 150" with a maximum resistance of 150 cm H2O (phase C). After EMST, all five participants increased their expiratory muscle strength and their vocal intensity. Pl, P3, and P4 increased their phonation duration. P2, P4, and P5 increased their vocal stability. During phase C, the increase in performance was more marked, particularly for P4, whose performance was stabilized and showed improvement for all speech parameters. It is possible that the forceful exhalations resulted in improved regulation of expiratory airflow and thus better coordination of respiration and phonation. All five participants reported positive effects of the intervention: better respiration, improved voice and speech, and increased communicative participation. The results of this study indicate a need to further investigate the effects of EMST in a larger group of individuals with mild MS and speech dyspnea, dysphonia, or dysarthria.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Kristina, et al.
(author)
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Reliability and agreement of root length measurements during orthodontic treatment in images from different CBCT machines using multiplanar reconstruction
- 2024
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In: Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry. - : Medical Journals Sweden AB. - 2641-5275. ; 11, s. 97-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To assess inter- and intrarater reliability and agreement for measurements of root lengths using multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations.Furthermore, to determine whether using MPR from different CBCT machines was a reliable and reproduc-ible method for assessment of root length during orthodontic treatment of adolescents. Materials and methods: A total of 40 CBCT examinations obtained before, during and after orthodontic treatment of 14 adolescents, with fixed appliances from a multicentre randomised controlled trial, were used. All roots from the incisors to the first molars were measured by two independent raters and in accor-dance with a protocol preceded by a multi-step calibration. Reliability was assessed by intra class cor-relation (ICC). Agreement was assessed by measurement error according to the Dahlberg formula and Bland–Altman plot.Results: The number of repeated measurements varied from 436 to 474 for the different timepoints. Good to excellent inter- and intrarater reliability for different tooth groups and timepoints were shown. Measurement error for inter- and intrarater agreement varied between 0.41 mm and 0.77 mm. The Bland–Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement varied between +1.43 mm and −2.01 mm for different tooth groups and timepoints. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that CBCT using MPR from different machines is a reproduc-ible method for measuring root length during different phases of orthodontic treatment. When interpret-ing root shortening measurements in CBCT using MPR for clinical or research purposes, values below 2 mm should be approached with caution, as they may contain measurement errors
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